Gonçalo Coelho (?)      ?
Possibly reached latitude 52°S on the Patagonian coast. Amerigo Vespucci (Tuscany), the pilot, described a rocky coast and intense cold. [The discovery of South Georgia or Falkland Islands has been attributed to the voyage.]

Bartolomé Garcia de Nodal       Nuestra Señora de Atocha
Gonçalo Garcia de Nodal Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso
Dispatched by Rey Felipe III to confirm the discoveries of Willem Corneliszoon Schouten and Jacob Le Maire; made the first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego and discovered Islas Diego Ramírez, 12 February 1619. [These were the most southerly recorded land in the world until James Cook discovered South Sandwich Islands in 1775.]

Antoine de la Roche    ?
Probably discovered South Georgia, April 1675, while blown off course (thus the first land sighted on the Southern Ocean, but see also Jean-Baptiste-Charles Bouvet de Lozier, 1738-39); possibly sighted and landed on Gough Island in May; reported a large non-existent ‘Isla Grande’. [Roche, also recorded as Antonio, was a merchant born in London; his father was French. Details of the voyage remain unclear.]

Edmond Halley  Paramour
The earliest purely scientific marine expedition, in a vessel built for the purpose, undertaken to study magnetic declination in the North and South Atlantic Oceans, resulting in the earliest magnetic chart; penetrated to 52∙40°S, 43°W (near South Georgia), where floating ice and fog prevented further exploration; made one of the earliest sketches of tabular Antarctic icebergs. Visited Tristan da Cunha but made no landing. [The voyage started in 1698 but returned briefly to England, June 1699.]

Gregorio Jerez León or Santo Christo de Auxilio y Nuestra Señora de los Dolores
During a return voyage to Cádiz rounded Cabo de Hornos in very severe weather, was blown off course and sighted ‘Isla de San Pedro’ [South Georgia], 30 June. A passenger, Nicolas-Pierre Guyot, Sieur Duclos of Saint-Malo (France), described the voyage and the sea committal of Don Domingo Ortiz de Rozas, the Governor of Chile, off the island. [The vessel is recorded under both names. On reaching Cádiz the pilot, Enrique Cormer (Henry Cormer from Saint-Malo) reported the discovery to the Board of Expert Pilots who concluded the island was probably that sighted by Antoine de la Roche in 1675.]

Joseph de la Llana     Aurora
Reported the discovery of ‘Aurora Islands’ at 53°S, 48°W. [These may have been Shag Rocks. There were several subsequent attempts, by sealers and others, to find the islands.]

?      San Miguel
Sighted ‘Aurora Islands’ (probably Shag Rocks).

James Cook (2nd voyage; senior commander)
HMS Resolution
Tobias Furneaux        HMS Adventure
Circumnavigated the Earth in high southern latitude; the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time, 17 January 1773, and the idea of a ‘Southern Continent’ extending to temperate latitudes dispelled; reached farthest south (71∙17°S at 106∙90°W), 30 January 1774 (making a second crossing of the circle); sighted Bird Island and landed on South Georgia, taking possession for King George III in Possession Bay, 17 January 1775; charted Clerke Rocks; discovered southern South Sandwich Islands, 30 January 1775; searched unsuccessfully for Bouvetøya. Joseph Gilbert and William Hodges made water-colour sketches of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. Furneaux separated from Cook at New Zealand and searched for Bouvetøya during his return voyage in 1774.

Joseph de la Llana     Aurora
Again sighted ‘Aurora Islands’ (probably Shag Rocks).

James Cook’s account of his second expedition was published in London this year. As a result of its description of Fur Seals on South Georgia British sealers started work there in 1786. They were soon followed by others from United States and the industry developed rapidly. In 1791 there were at least 102 vessels engaged in securing Fur Seal pelts and Elephant Seal oil in Southern Ocean, but there is little certain information of new discoveries by these sealers until the beginning of the 19th century. The old sealing industry continued at South Georgia to 1913. [See also South Shetland Islands, 1819.]

?      Pearl
Sighted ‘Aurora Islands’ (probably Shag Rocks). [The nationality of this voyage has also been recorded as Spanish and the vessel’s name as Perla.]

Thomas Delano  Lord Hawkesbury
Visited South Georgia and obtained a full cargo of Fur Seal pelts.

John Leard     Intrepid
Visited Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego. Leard wrote to Charles Jenkinson (Lord Hawkesbury) President of the Council for Trade and Foreign Plantations, London, concerning the control of sealing in Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados, South Georgia, and Falkland Islands, 16 July 1788.

Thomas Smith   Lucas
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

Shadrick Kearn Quaker
Visited South Georgia; William Kearn collected a Leopard Seal skull for the Royal College of Surgeons. [Some details of this voyage are uncertain.]

William Aiken  Lucas
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

Stephen Smith  Lucas
Visited South Georgia.

Alejandro Malaspina    Descubierta
José Bustamante y Guerra        Atrevida
Following extensive explorations in the Pacific Ocean, Atrevida was dispatched in 1794 to ascertain the position of ‘Aurora Islands’ and reported 3 rocks near 53°S, 48°W (possibly icebergs, Shag Rocks are 6°E of this position). Luis Neé, a botanist aboard Descubierta, made collections at Port Egmont, Falkland Islands. Bustamante and Malaspina independently determined position of Islas Diego Ramírez.

Manuel de Oyarvido     Princesa
?      Dolores
Vessels of the Real Compañía de las Filipinas, stationed in Lima, separately sighted ‘Aurora Islands’ (probably Shag Rocks).

William Raven  Jackall
Visited South Georgia.

Capt. Cook     London
William Clark  Sparrow
Visited South Georgia.

Christopher Horner     Astrea
Visited South Georgia.

Thomas Pitman  Ann
Visited South Georgia; took 3000 barrels [500 x 10³ l] of Elephant Seal oil and 50 000 Fur Seal pelts.

Daniel F. Greene       Nancy
Roswell Woodward       Polly
Visited South Georgia in company; Nancy was the first vessel to take Fur Seal pelts direct from there to the China market, circumnavigating the Earth in the process; Polly sailed to New York direct, arriving in 1794.

Richard McKinstry      Active
Thomas Pitman  Ann
Thomas Hopper  Fox
Matthew Swain  Kitty
Thomas Blythe  Lively
Henry Mackay (or Mackie)       Lord Hawkesbury
William Watson Mary
Ranson Jones   Minerva
Lewis Llewellin        Sybil
Visited South Georgia; Mary took 5000 Fur Seal pelts.

Henry Mackay (or Mackie)       Lord Hawkesbury
Visited South Georgia.

Capt. Farmer   Sally
Henry Mackay (or Mackie)       Young William
Visited South Georgia; Sally was wrecked, 28 March 1796, complement rescued by Mackay.

Edward Clerk   Prince Edward
Lewis Llewellin        Sybil
Visited Iles Kerguelen, called at Cape Town and continued to South Georgia; Prince Edward was wrecked on the coast of Brazil during the return voyage.

?      Regulator
Wrecked at South Georgia; cargo of 14 000 Fur Seal pelts was sold to a British sealing vessel which rescued the crew. [A figurehead, which was found at Right Whale Bay in 1970, may be that from Regulator.]

Stephen Macey  Aurora
Lewis Llewellin        Canada
John Shuttleworth      Hercules
Magnus Smith   Lively
Visited South Georgia where Canada was wrecked.

Abraham Swain  Charles
Visited South Georgia; continued to the Pacific Ocean where reported ‘Swain’s Island’ at 59°S, 90°W. [Later disproved and removed from charts; other positions are recorded.]

Obediah Fitch  Columbia
?      Hero
Capt. Brightman        Indian
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

William Beacon (or Bacon)      Earl Spencer
Visited South Georgia.

Uriah Swain    Mars
William Joy    Ranger
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

Griffin Barney Barclay
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

Obediah Wyer   Concord
Mayhew Folger  Minerva
with the shallops Penguin, Clapmatch, and Serapiall
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia. Continued round Cabo de Hornos to Canton to sell Fur Seal pelts.

Hezekiah Pinkham       President
Jonathan Paddack       Prudence
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

Pierre François Péron
Stephen Hall   Sally
Visited Tristan da Cunha and South Georgia; searched unsuccessfully for Gough Island; visited Prince Edward Islands, Iles Kerguelen, and Ile Saint-Paul (date 5 avril 179? carved on a rock face on Ile Saint-Paul). [Stephen Hall of United States was designated captain to avoid difficulties arising from the hostilities between France and Britain.]

J. French      Morse
Visited South Georgia where met Aspasia (1800-02, q.v.).

Edward Clerk   Duke of Kent
Matthew Swain  Eliza
Visited South Georgia; called at Cape Town during the return voyage.

Edmund Fanning Aspasia
Visited Tristan da Cunha; probably made the most profitable sealing voyage to South Georgia, where 57 000 Fur Seal pelts were secured and taken direct to China. [Fanning reported that, in addition to Aspasia, there were 16 other British and United States sealing vessels working at South Georgia during the 1800-01 summer. Reported fish (Notothenidae) abundant.]

Nathaniel Storer       Sally
Visited Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and South Georgia for 2 summers. [Storer’s 9-year-old son accompanied him.]

William Beacon Earl Spencer
Visited South Georgia, where wrecked.

William Porter Duke of Kent
Howes Swain    Princess Amelia
Visited South Georgia.

Capt. Brightman        Phiamingi
Visited South Georgia, Cabo de Hornos, and Tristan da Cunha; at last reported that Fur Seals were very rare and obtained only half a dozen pelts in several weeks.

Francis Todrig Dragon
Henry Barton   Sprightly
Visited South Georgia.

Jonathan Paddack       Favorite
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

Isaac Pendleton        Union
Visited South Georgia and probably compiled a map of the island (published in 1906); searched unsuccessfully for Iles Crozet. [The provenance of the map is uncorroborated.]

John Davis     Huron
Visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia; continued to Canton. Joel Root, supercargo, wrote an account of the voyage.

Thomas Hopper  Otter
James Lindsay  Swan
These Enderby Brothers’ vessels visited South Georgia; thence rediscovered Bouvetøya (calling it Lindsay Island), 6 October 1808, but did not land. Swan, on returning to Britain passed Cabo de Hornos, reported Beauchêne Island and determined its latitude.

Capt. Coplin   South Georgia Packet
Probably visited South Georgia.

Francis Todrig Admiral Colpoys
William Graham Diana
William Beacon Recovery
Visited South Georgia; called at Saint Helena during the return voyage.

Francis Todrig Admiral Colpoys
William Graham Diana
Visited South Georgia; called at Saint Helena during the return voyage.

Holden Barton  Norfolk
Visited South Georgia; wintered at Royal Bay; secured 5000 Fur Seal pelts and 3500 barrels [58 x 10³ l] of Elephant Seal oil; a shallop foundered in Cooper Bay and 2 men drowned. Thomas W. Smith, a sealer, wrote account of the voyage. [Smith made 2 later voyages, his chronology has been corrected to conform to shipping records.]

James Downey   Grand Sachem
Visited Iles Kerguelen and South Georgia.

James Todrig   Admiral Colpoys
Francis Todrig King George
Visited South Georgia; Admiral Colpoys wrecked there, 28 November, complement rescued aboard King George.

Holden Barton  Norfolk
Visited South Georgia.

Samuel B. Edes Pickering
Visited Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Gough Island, Prince Edward Islands (where 3 men drowned while landing, a sealing gang was left for 2 years; reported a French wreck, pigs and ‘a plague of house mice’), Iles Crozet, and Iles Kerguelen; William Dane Phelps wrote an account of the voyage.

G. Barclay     Arab
Thomas Mowatt  Echo
David Littlejohn       Grand Sachem
John Brown     Indispensible
Peter Kemp     King George
James Todrig   Mary Ann
Visited South Georgia.

George Powell  Dove
Visited South Georgia and Iles Kerguelen.

Thomas Duell   Anne
J. Smith       Norfolk
Visited South Georgia. Duell, accompanied by a shallop, searched South Sandwich Islands unsuccessfully for Fur Seals; landed there and reported a volcanic eruption. The expedition took 10 000 Fur Seal pelts and 2400 barrels [400 x 10³ l] of Elephant Seal oil. A shallop, Lovely Nancy (Mr Maclow), purchased on South Georgia, foundered in the Bay of Isles. Thomas W. Smith, a sealer, wrote an account of the voyage.

J. Allen       Arab
W. Spence      Echo
John Brown     Indispensible
James Todrig   Mary Ann
Visited South Georgia; Brown and Todrig met Fabian Gottlieb Benjamin von Bellingshausen’s Russian expedition off the south-western end of the island, December 1819. Arab foundered during the return voyage.

William Beacon Recovery
Visited South Georgia and Iles Kerguelen.

David Leslie   Gleaner
Possibly visited South Georgia.

James P. Sheffield     Hersilia
Searched for ‘Aurora Islands’, found Shag Rocks and possibly Black Rock. Visited Falkland Islands (where reported Espírito Santo 1819-20) and South Shetland Islands in January 1820 with Nathaniel Brown Palmer as second mate and William A. Fanning as supercargo, the first United States sealing vessel known to have visited this region; took 8868 Fur Seal pelts from headquarters on Rugged Island.

Fabian Gottlieb Benjamin von Bellingshausen (Commander, aboard Vostok)
Ivan Ivanovich Zavadovskiy     Vostok
Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev      Mirnyy
Circumnavigated the Antarctic continent in high southern latitudes; extended James Cook’s survey of South Georgia (where met sealers) and South Sandwich Islands (landed on Zavodovski Island, 24 December 1819); sighted but did not recognize as land two coastal areas in Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst and Prinsesse Ragnhild Kyst of Antarctica (the earliest sighting was on 27 January 1820 at about 69∙35°S, 02∙23°W, 3 days before Edward Bransfield’s discovery of Trinity Peninsula, this was the first land seen south of the Antarctic Circle); visited Macquarie Island (met sealers; reported dogs, sheep, and cats present); discovered Peter I Øy, 20 January 1821, and Alexander Island, 27 January 1821; surveyed South Shetland Islands where met Nathaniel Brown Palmer (1820-21). [Bellingshausen’s names have been variously rendered from German, Estonian, and old Russian; the form above corresponds to his baptismal record in Saaremaa, Estonia. The dates listed are converted to the Gregorian calendar, Bellingshausen used the Julian Calendar sea day forms.]

Joseph Kitchen Anne
Visited South Shetland Islands, moored in New Plymouth for the summer; continued to South Georgia.

William Smith  Norfolk
Visited South Georgia. [This William Smith was not the one who discovered South Shetland Islands.]

Joseph Kitchen Anne
Visited South Shetland Islands; anchored in New Plymouth and took 1429 Fur Seal pelts; continued to South Georgia.

James Weddell  Jane
Michael McLeod Beaufoy
Visited Falkland Islands, and South Shetland Islands (reported Bridgeman Island in eruption); McLeod rediscovered South Orkney Islands independently in December 1821, several days later than George Powell and Nathaniel Brown Palmer (1821-22); Weddell visited and named these islands in February 1822. Continued to South Georgia, where met King George (Robert Black), and returned visiting Tristan da Cunha. A dog was aboard Jane.

Robert Black   King George
Visited South Shetland Islands and South Georgia. A shallop, Success, was built on the latter.

John Alexander King George IV
Visited South Shetland Islands; based at Clothier Harbour for the summer, where reported 7 other vessels and described a strike by lightning; continued to South Georgia.

Charles Pottinger      Tartar
Visited South Georgia and South Shetland Islands. At Bahía de Todos los Santos (Brazil) on 15 April 1822 Pottinger deposed that 7 of his crew, with 12 others, took Tartar’s launch and proceeded to sea, presumably with piratical intent.

Robert Johnson Henry
Visited Falkland Islands; searched for ‘Aurora Islands’ [Shag Rocks].

James Weddell  Jane
Matthew Brisbane       Beaufoy
Roughly charted the southern coasts of South Orkney Islands, the work being accomplished by Brisbane; Weddell made an independent chart of South Shetland Islands and ‘George IV Sea’ (later Weddell Sea), into which he penetrated southwards to 74∙25°S, 34∙27°W, 20 February 1823 (described open water and abundant whales); reported a volcanic eruption on Bridgeman Island; visited South Georgia, Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, Islas Diego Ramírez, and Tristan da Cunha; searched unsuccessfully for ‘Aurora Islands’ [Shag Rocks].

Benjamin Morrell       Wasp
Visited Islas Diego Ramírez, Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands, searched unsuccessfully for ‘Aurora Islands’ [Shag Rocks], visited South Georgia, Bouvetøya (where the first recorded landing was made and 172 Fur Seal pelts taken, 8 December 1822), Iles Kerguelen, and South Sandwich Islands (reported burning volcanoes and birds of paradise). Claimed to have penetrated to latitude 70∙23°S in the Weddell Sea and to have investigated non-existent ‘New South Greenland’, at approximately 48°W between 62°S and 69°S.

Charles Bryant King George
J. Anderson    Success
Visited Tristan da Cunha, where additional crew were recruited, and South Georgia; continued to Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul, where rescued Charles Medyett Goodridge and companions (pigs and mice reported there); thence both vessels continued to Hobart. [Success had a capacity of only 28 tons (7∙8 m³) and was built on South Georgia in 1821-22.]

William Turpin Thayer  Yankee
Visited Falkland Islands, continued to Auckland Islands and Macquarie Island, met Elizabeth and Mary (William Worth) and Wellington (John Day, 1825) at former, took 2000 Fur Seal pelts; called at Port Jackson [Sydney], August 1825; continued to Talcahuano; visited Falkland Islands, Shag Rocks, and Gough Island (April 1826), during the return voyage.

Matthew Brisbane       Hope
Visited South Georgia, where wrecked, 23 April 1829; crew constructed a shallop and sailed to Montevideo, where reported to the British Consul, 20 May 1829.

James Brown    Pacific
Visited South Georgia, left a sealing gang for 8 months (Fur Seals reported as scarce); continued to the northern South Sandwich Islands, landed on Zavodovski Island for 10 days.

John Biscoe    Tula
George Avery   Lively
These vessels, dispatched by Enderby Brothers, circumnavigated Antarctica; visited Falkland Islands, November 1830; searched unsuccessfully for ‘Aurora Islands’ [Shag Rocks]; visited South Sandwich Islands, December 1830; discovered Enderby Land on 24 February 1831 (an appearance of land confirmed 3 days later). Reached Hobart after severe problems with pack ice and scurvy which caused two deaths, both vessels wintered in Australia; visited Chatham Islands (reported presence of Moriori) and Bounty Islands (found a hut), November-December 1831, where seals had been almost exterminated; searched for non-existent ‘Nimrod Island’, continued to Queen Adelaide Island [Adelaide Island] on 15 February 1832, and the northern Biscoe Islands; discovered and annexed land for King William IV, 21 February 1832, calling it Graham Land (in reality a southern extension of Edward Bransfield’s ‘Trinity Land’ and ‘Palmer’s Land’ [Antarctic Peninsula]), named Mount William on Anvers Island; visited South Shetland Islands and Falkland Islands (met Exquisite [Adam Kellock] and United States schooner Transport [Capt. Bray]). Lively was wrecked at Falkland Islands, July 1832; complement transferred to Tula aboard Unicorn (Capt. Couzins) from Montevideo. [Magnus Smith commanded Lively at the beginning of the voyage.]

Joseph Parsons Mary Jane
Elijah Hallet  Medina
Roland S. Hallet       Ocollo
Visited Falkland Islands, continued to South Georgia where Iohn Anderson (‘An honest man’), mate of Mary Jane, was buried at Prince Olav Harbour, 23 November 1838; Mary Jane took 600 Fur Seal pelts; Ocollo was sunk by ice off the island. Shag Rocks visited [‘Aurora Islands’] Brutus Burrows, supercargo aboard Medina, determined the position and made sketches of them.

published Flora Antarctica, which included descriptions of the plants of Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Iles Kerguelen, Deception Island (South Shetland Islands), and Cockburn Island, as well as other southern regions.

James Carrick  Esther
Visited South Georgia; buried the surgeon, W. H. Dyre, and 4 other men at King Edward Cove, July 1846. [These are the earliest graves in Grytviken cemetery.]

?      Ellerslie
Passed and reported Shag Rocks, 2 April.

Capt. Wyeth    Helen Baird
Reported sighting the non-existent ‘Aurora Islands’, December [possibly saw Shag Rocks].

Thomas Welcome Roys    William F. Safford
Visited South Georgia; Roys unsuccessfully tried his new invention of ‘bomb lances’ to secure whales; the lances were ‘full of difficulties and errors’. [See also Svend Foyn, 1870.]

C. Vaux        Epsom
Passed and reported Shag Rocks, 2 April.

Sydney O. Buddington   Odd Fellow
Visited South Georgia; took 800 Fur Seal pelts.

James F. Smith Francis Allyn
Visited South Georgia; buried Frank Cabriel (steward) at Ocean Harbour, 14 October 1870 (the first interment in this sealers’ and whalers’ cemetery). [The year of interment has incorrectly been recorded as 1820.]

Robert H. Glass        Peru
Visited South Georgia; took 400 Fur Seal pelts; T. K. Purdy left an inscribed pole at Doris Bay.

Erasmus Darwin Rogers  Trinity
Alfred Turner  Flying Fish
Visited South Georgia; H. Brockloe, cooper of Trinity was buried at King Edward Cove, 10 January 1871; Rogers made geological collections.

9 December; many countries participated in the observation of this phenomenon; 4 (Britain, France, Germany, and United States) established 8 observatories on 4 peri-Antarctic islands (Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, Iles Kerguelen [3 stations and 2 subsidiary stations], and Ile Saint-Paul; see below) and several others had been planned. [The location of stations is critical and the data obtained permit accurate determination of the Astronomical Unit. Other Transits had been observed in 1631, 1639, 1761, and 1769 (James Cook, 1768-71); the Transit on 6 December 1882 was observed from South Georgia, Tierra del Fuego, and Punta Arenas (1882-83, q.v.); subsequent pairs of Transits were on 8 June 2004 and will be on 5 June 2012, then 10 December 2117 and 8 December 2125.]

Joseph B. Neale (?)    Flying Fish
Visited South Georgia.

James Waterman Buddington      Franklin
Visited South Shetland Islands, South Sandwich Islands, and South Georgia; met 5 other sealing vessels at the last, took 600 Fur Seal pelts there.

John L. Williams       Golden West
Visited South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, and Gough Island; took a total of 939 Fur Seal pelts.

William Henry Appleman Thomas Hunt
Visited South Georgia where left a sealing gang on Bird Island and met Flying Fish; continued to South Shetland Islands, gang visited Elephant Island, only one Fur Seal pelt was secured, owing to difficult ice conditions; crew man buried on Low Island.

Joseph B. Neale        Flying Fish
Visited South Georgia and Iles Kerguelen.

John L. Williams       Golden West
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and South Sandwich Islands.

James Waterman Buddington      Lizzie P. Simmons
Visited South Georgia.

Stanford Stoddard Miner        Florence
Visited South Georgia (where met 4 other sealing vessels), South Sandwich Islands, and South Shetland Islands.

John L. Williams       Golden West
James M. Holmes        Flying Fish
Visited South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands; Williams continued to Bouvetøya, where landed, 15 January 1877, and took 500 Fur Seal pelts.

James Waterman Buddington      Lizzie P. Simmons
Benjamin Nelson Rogers Trinity
Visited South Georgia.

William Dunbar Flying Fish
James M. Holmes        Golden West
Benjamin Nelson Rogers Trinity
Visited South Georgia. Heinrich Wentzel Klutschak (Austria), a passenger aboard Flying Fish, wrote an account of the voyage and the island which included a map; described Shag Rocks. Trinity took 1500 barrels [180 x 10³ l] of Elephant Seal oil. [Flying Fish foundered near Cabo de Hornos, 8 October 1878, during a subsequent voyage to South Georgia.]

James Waterman Buddington      Franklin (?)
Visited South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands; met 6 other sealing vessels.

Benjamin Nelson Rogers Trinity
Visited South Georgia; took 250 barrels [30 x 10³ l] of Elephant Seal oil.

Walter Scott Cheseboro Wanderer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, and South Shetland Islands; wrecked at Falkland Islands during the return voyage, 16 October 1881, complement saved on Mary E. Simmons (Benjamin Nelson Rogers).

Erastus Church Adelia Chase
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands (took 57 Fur Seal pelts), South Orkney Islands, and South Sandwich Islands; sighted Bouvetøya but did not land, 1882. Church reported reaching 70°S off the Antarctic Peninsula.

1 August 1882 to 31 August 1883; an undertaking initiated by Karl Weyprecht of the Austrian navy. Eleven countries established 14 scientific stations in polar regions for coordinated scientific observations. Two stations (each with an associated second order station) were established in southern regions: France, with both sites in Tierra del Fuego; and Germany, in South Georgia (primary station) and Falkland Islands (secondary station). Brazil also operated a station in Patagonia partly in association with the programme and 12 observatories were established in the Arctic. Fifty years later a second International Polar Year (1932-33, q.v.) was organized (without establishing any new southern stations), and, 25 years subsequently (1957-58, q.v.), the International Geophysical Year was a major event in Antarctic scientific research and exploration. A subsequent programme began in 2007, the International Polar Years 2007-09 (q.v.).

Karl Wilhelm Otto Schrader
Johannes Heinrich Pirner       Moltke (1882)
Ferdinand Krokisius    Marie (1883)
Arrived at South Georgia aboard Moltke; established a scientific station at Royal Bay, August 1882; 11 men wintered, studied geophysics, meteorology, glaciology, biology, and other sciences, until September 1883. Observed the Transit of Venus, 6 December 1882; took earliest photographs of the island. Relieved from Marie at conclusion of the International Polar Year. Both vessels visited Falkland Islands. A secondary meteorological observatory was operated at Stanley, Falkland Islands by I. H. M. D. Seemann for the expedition. The botanist, Hermann Will, and medical officer, Karl von der Steinen, made extensive biological collections; the engineer and artist, Eugen Mosthaff, prepared local maps. Dog, sheep, cattle, goats, and geese introduced, vegetable gardens planted. [The Royal Bay hut was used by other expeditions, it remained until burnt about 1915.]

Stanford Stoddard Miner        Sarah W. Hunt
Visited South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, and South Shetland Islands.

Andrew J. Eldred       Thomas Hunt
Probably visited South Shetland Islands and South Georgia.

Andrew J. Eldred       Express
Visited South Georgia; George Comer, the mate, collected birds; voyage secured only 2 Elephant Seals and 123 ‘Sea Leopards’ [these were probably Weddell Seals], which made 60 barrels [7 x 10³ l] of oil.

Andrew J. Eldred       Express
Visited South Georgia.

Joseph Johnson Fuller  Francis Allyn
Visited Gough Island (landed a sealing gang of 5 men), Iles Crozet (rescued some sealers), Iles Kerguelen, South Georgia (where only 3 Fur Seal pelts were secured), and Gough Island (to collect the gang). José Gomez died in a storm and was buried on Gough Island, October 1888; George Comer, second mate and one of the gang, made meteorological observations, collected birds and geological specimens, he also reported mice present.

John O. Spicer Sarah W. Hunt
Visited South Shetland Islands and South Georgia; on latter buried Joseph H. Montaro at King Edward Cove, 28 February 1891.

James Waterman Buddington      Sarah W. Hunt
Visited South Shetland Islands (took 41 Fur Seal pelts) and South Sandwich Islands (took 400 pelts).

B. H. Hatfield Gladys
Claimed sighting the non-existent ‘Aurora Islands’, May; reported signs of human activity on them. [Possibly saw Shag Rocks, the 1892 winter had exceptionally severe ice conditions.]

Carl Anton Larsen      Jason
Morten Pedersen        Castor
Carl Julius Evensen    Hertha
Visited South Shetland Islands. Hertha sailed south between Biscoe Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula to 69∙17°S, sighted Adelaide Island, Hugo Island, and Alexander Island. Hertha and Castor sailed in company to meet Jason at South Georgia. Whale harpooned from Hertha, but lost, in Royal Bay, 20 April 1894. Larsen discovered King Oscar II Coast, Foyn Coast, and Robertson Island (reported a volcanic eruption at Seal Nunataks); penetrated Weddell Sea coast of the Antarctic Peninsula to 68∙17°S, and made first use of ski in Antarctica; visited South Orkney Islands and Falkland Islands. Vessels reunited at Jason Harbour, South Georgia. The expedition secured 13 223 seal pelts (presumably Crabeater Seals from near the Antarctic Peninsula) and 6600 barrels [1∙1 x 10⁶ l] of seal oil. [Larsen wrote to the Royal Geographical Society, London, inquiring about leasing South Georgia as a site for a whaling station, February 1896.]

Frederick W. Gilbert   Director
Visited Falkland Islands, where took 610 Fur Seal pelts, and continued to British Columbia. [Several Canadian sealing vessels visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and Patagonia for the next two decades (some also engaged in gold-panning). Towards the end of this period a few extended their operations to more distant peri-Antarctic islands]

Henry Joseph Keane     HMS Barracouta
Visited Falkland Islands, 28 September to 19 December, surveying, determined the position of Shag Rocks and reported Black Rock.

‘Mining and General Lease’ of the island offered by the Government of Falkland Islands and Dependencies; advertised in the Falkland Islands Gazette, 2 October, and elsewhere. Richard Lion, a British resident in Punta Arenas, applied for and was granted a pastoral lease in 1903 but it was not used until 1905 when South Georgia Exploration Company was founded (Ernest John Swinhoe and Consort, q.v.).

Reuben Balcom  Beatrice L. Corkum
Frederick W. Gilbert   Edward Roy
These Nova Scotia sealing vessels and others operated in the region for about subsequent 10 summers.

Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskjöld
Carl Anton Larsen      Antarctic
Shore party of 6 men wintered on Snow Hill Island (1902 and 1903); proved Dumont d’Urville’s ‘Louis Philippe Land’ (now Trinity Peninsula) to be a part of the Antarctic Peninsula, and mapped unknown gap between Gerlache Strait and Orléans Strait; discovered and mapped Antarctic Sound and Prince Gustav Channel; dog sledged to 66∙05°S on the east side of the peninsula; Antarctic visited Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, and South Georgia (called in Royal Bay and Maiviken, rediscovered and named Grytviken) during the 1902 winter while sealing. At the end of that winter the ship could not reach Snow Hill Island, 3 men landed at Hope Bay to proceed overland but they encountered open water and failed to reach the island, so were forced to winter at Hope Bay in 1903 with minimal supplies (leader Gunnar Andersson). Antarctic was beset and crushed in the pack ice of Erebus and Terror Gulf and foundered, 12 February 1903, complement (20 men and the cat) reached Paulet Island where wintered, Ole Christian Wennersgaard died, 7 June 1903. Three search expeditions dispatched in 1903 (Français [1903-05], Frithjof [1903-04], and Uruguay [1903]) and a fourth was ready (Scotia, [1902-04]); all 3 parties rescued by the Argentine naval vessel Uruguay (Julían Irízar), November 1903. The expedition conducted a comprehensive scientific programme including work in Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and South Georgia. An artist, Frank Wilbert Stokes (United States), was aboard for the first summer. [The hut on Snow Hill Island and two ruined refuges are now protected as ‘historic sites’.]

formed by Carl Anton Larsen (Swedish South Polar Expedition, 1901-03, q.v.) in Buenos Aires to begin whaling from South Georgia, 29 February. Larsen returned to Norway where he organized the enterprise in Sandefjord. [On returning to South Georgia Larsen founded Grytviken whaling station, 16 November (1904, q.v.), the company ran the station until 1960 when it was sold to Albion Star (Falkland Islands). Within the next decade 5 other companies established whaling stations on South Georgia where the industry continued until 1965.]

Carl Anton Larsen (Manager)
Thorvald Christian Thorsen     Louise
Lauritz Edward Larsen  Rolf (transport ship)
with whale-catcher Fortuna
C. A. Larsen, of the Compañia Argentina de Pesca, established the first Antarctic whaling station on South Georgia, at Grytviken, 16 November 1904. Erik Sörling, of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, made biological observations and collections; Larsen and Sörling began taking meteorological observations, 17 January 1905, which were maintained by Erik Nordenhaag from August, the observations have subsequently been continuous. [Larsen was accompanied by most of his family and about 100 employees; this event was the beginning of the modern Antarctic whaling industry and permanent occupation of the island (the whaling station operated until 1965). Louise remained as a storage hulk until abandoned and eventually burnt in 1987. The sealers’ cemetery, near Grytviken, was adopted by the whalers.]

Ernest John Swinhoe
F. Schwarz     Consort
The South Georgia Exploration Company (formed 20 March 1905), president Richard Lion, visited Falkland Islands where recruited shepherds and granted a general grazing and mining lease for two years for South Georgia, 24 July; continued to the island and remained for 3 months; attempted unsuccessfully to start a pastoral settlement (introduced sheep and horses) and sealing. Encountered Grytviken whaling station (1904, q.v.), visited Royal Bay station (1882-83, q.v.); reported circumstances to the Governor in the Falkland Islands during the return voyage.

Alfredo P. Lamas       Guardia Nacional
On charter to the Compañia Argentina de Pesca, this naval vessel carried 1000 tonne of coal and other supplies to Grytviken whaling station, South Georgia; surveyed the cove for the company, June; vessel continued to Punta Arenas before returning to Buenos Aires.

John Anderson  Baden Powell
Edgar F. Robbins       Beatrice L. Corkum
Wentworth E. Baker     E. B. Marvin
Reuben Balcom  Edith R. Balcom
Charles Leblanc        Markland
Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, and South Shetland Islands, latter secured 588 Fur Seal pelts.

following an application made at the British Embassy, Buenos Aires, the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Government granted a lease of land and licence for the whaling station at Grytviken to the Compañia Argentina de Pesca of Buenos Aires in March (the first of a long series of leases and licences to preserve the whale stocks of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies; see also 1992). Under the terms of their lease, the company continued the routine meteorological observations, which had been started by Carl Anton Larsen and Erik Sörling, 17 January 1905. (The Oficina Meteorológica Argentina operated the observatory for the company from August 1907, after a station was built at King Edward Point; following amendment of the terms of the lease when renewed in 1948, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey took it over, 1 January 1950.) Several lighthouses and other aids to navigation were subsequently erected on the island by the whaling companies. [The South Georgia Exploration Company had received the first South Georgia licence but was not commercially successful. The increase in whaling led the Government to enact an Ordinance, 3 of 1906 (the first to control whaling within the territorial waters of the Dependencies).]

Christopher Castberg   Fridtjof Nansen
with whale-catchers Suderø and Norrøna
When proceeding to South Georgia, with a Falkland Islands and Dependencies Government whaling licence, this vessel was wrecked on Fridtjof Nansen Reef, 10 November; 9 men drowned and the rest rescued by accompanying whale-catchers. August Emil Alfred Szielasko, medical officer, made geographic and ornithological studies.

Ingvald Syvertsen      Lyn
Dispatched by Carl Anton Larsen to investigate fisheries potential at South Georgia, wrecked near Moltke Harbour, 12 April. [Subsequently there have been several attempts to initiate a fishing enterprise based at South Georgia; all were unsuccessful except for local consumption. A pelagic fishing industry around the island began in the 1970s.]

Michael Henry Hodges   HMS Sappho
Investigated situation on South Georgia, February, following initiation of the whaling industry there. Charted the approaches to Grytviken and the northern part of the island; made botanical and geological collections; prepared a report on whaling, navigation, deployment of lighthouses and the island generally. Inspected Shag Rocks during return voyage to Montevideo.

meteorological station established at King Edward Point by the Compañia Argentina de Pesca, August; Erik Nordenhaag (Sweden) continued as the first meteorologist. [Subsequently engagement of the meteorologist was sub-contracted to the Oficina Meteorológica Argentina for many years. The original building was demolished in 1974 by the British Antarctic Survey, but the observatory, in changed quarters, still functions; see also 1904-05, 1906, and 1950.]

Joachim Petersen (Norway) was engaged by the Compañia Argentina de Pesca at Grytviken; he was commissioned, as a policeman, by the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Government prior to arriving on the island which he reached on 12 December.

Capt. Church   Stranger
Visited South Georgia (carried cargo to Grytviken whaling station) and South Sandwich Islands.

Søren Berntsen        Bucentaur with whale-catchers Carl and Mathilde
Tønsbergs Hvalfangeri vessels visited Falkland Islands; company granted a whaling licence by the Government from 1 January 1908, for South Georgia, where a floating factory site was selected in Stromness Bay (Husvik Harbour). [A shore station operated there from 1910 to 1931, 1932-43, 1945 to 1957, and 1958 to 1960 thence abandoned; the hulk Camana (Thomas H. Hansen) was moored at the jetty (until sunk in 1911) and whale-catcher Karrakatta permanently slipped. A whalers’ cemetery was established near the station.]

Christopher Castberg   Fridtjof Nansen II
with whale-catchers Herkules and Samson
Sandefjord Hvalfangerselskab vessels visited Falkland Islands; company granted a whaling licence by the Government from 1 January 1908, for South Georgia, where a floating factory site was selected in Stromness Bay (Stromness Harbour). [A shore station operated there from 1912 to 1931; then it became a repair yard until closed in 1961. A whalers’ cemetery was established near the station.]

Carl Johan Fredrik Skottsberg
Visited Falkland Islands, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego, travelling extensively by horse and making botanical and geological collections. In winter 1909 visited South Georgia aboard Cachalote and travelled round the island aboard Undine.

British Royal Letters Patent of 21 July consolidated earlier territorial claims, dating from 1775 onwards, as Dependencies of the Falkland Islands, and specified the territories included (‘∙∙∙ South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, and the Sandwich Islands, and the territory known as Graham’s Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and 80th degrees of west longitude, ∙∙∙’). [Although, for administrative convenience, these territories were constituted Dependencies of the Falkland Islands, the British title to them is separate and in no way derived from the title to the Falkland Islands. Neither parts of South America nor the Falkland Islands were included in the territories specified, although the opposite has been argued on the basis that the geometric sector specified incorporated them. See also 1917, 1961, 1982, and 1985 for amendments to the territory. This was the earliest defined sovereign claim over Antarctica.]

Ingvald Bryde  Aviemore with whale-catchers Edda and Snorre
Bryde and Dahl Hvalfangst Selskab deployed a floating whaling factory at Godthul, South Georgia, under licence from the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government. The site was used by a series of vessels from 1908 to 1917 and 1922 to 1929; a whalers’ cemetery was established.

Henrik Nicolai Henriksen (Manager)
A. Le Sauteur  Coronda with whale-catchers Semla and Swona
Christian Salvesen and Company established a whaling station on New Island, Falkland Islands. This was enlarged and completed in 1909-10 and closed in 1917 when much of the station was transferred to South Georgia. [Total whale catch was 1734.]

Carl Anton Larsen
Ottar Jøgensen        Undine
Reconnaissance of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands in search of new anchorages for whaling vessels, November; met Daisy (Benjamin Dunham Cleveland, 1908-09, q.v.) in the Bay of Isles at former; concluded that whaling could not be based at latter because of absence of safe harbours and presence of volcanic activity. Larsen was almost asphyxiated by volcanic fumes on Zavodovski Island; he prepared maps of the islands.

Benjamin Dunham Cleveland      Daisy
Visited South Georgia, September 1908 to January 1909, met whale-catchers from Grytviken and Husvik; took 170 Fur Seal pelts and was probably the last fur sealer to visit the island (see also 1912-13).

Henrik Nicolai Henriksen       Semla
Christian Salvesen and Company made a reconnaissance voyage to South Georgia to select a site for a whaling station, March-April.

Henrik Nicolai Henriksen (Manager)
James Ridland  Starlight with whale-catchers Swona and Semla
Christian Salvesen and Company established a whaling station at Leith Harbour, South Georgia, September, under a Falkland Islands Dependencies lease; the hulk of James W. Turpie was moored in the harbour, until sank in 1946. [The first site, later known as ‘Jericho’, was unsuitable thus the station was moved about 1 km south to avoid continual avalanches and occasional rockfalls (major ones occurred in 1913 and 1929, the latter killed 3 of the winter crew). Two whalers’ cemeteries were established near Leith (one for ‘Jericho’ and a later one for the new station site).]

Lauritz Edward Larsen  Ocean with whale-catchers Pelican and Penguin
Hvalfangerselskab Ocean granted a lease to establish a whaling station at Ocean Harbour, South Georgia, by the Government of the Falkland Islands Dependencies, 1 January. [Station operated from 10 October; closed and redeployed to Stromness Harbour whaling station early in 1920; the hulk Bayard was moored there until stranded, June 1911; hut ‘Veslegard’ built in Cumberland Bay for a small boat service to Grytviken. The whalers adopted the former sealers’ cemetery.]

Alexander Lindsay [Britain] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Carlos S. Somoza       Uruguay
Naval vessel relieved meteorological station; Uruguay also visited South Georgia, February, where magnetic observations were made at the site of the former German observatory in Royal Bay (1882-83, q.v.).

James Innes Wilson appointed Stipendiary Magistrate, resident on the island, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 20 November 1909. He arrived aboard Coronda (Thomas Sinclair), from Stanley, 30 November 1909 (position of Shag Rocks determined during the voyage). Opened the Post Office, 4 December (first dispatch made 23 December, aboard Coronda to Port Stanley); inspected all the whaling stations in December while travelling about the island aboard Undine; conducted a census, 31 December 1909 (South Georgia’s population was 720, 93% of whom were Scandinavian). Earliest trial held on 24 October 1910 concerning performance of contractual duties. An introduction of Upland Geese (Chloephaga picta) from Falkland Islands, he made in March 1911, survived until 1927 (a subsequent introduction, in 1952, was also unsuccessful). He held the post until 19 October 1914. [There has been a Magistrate, usually with a variety of assistant staff, on South Georgia continuously from this time; during leave periods and between appointments another government official (generally the Customs Officer) has deputised for him; see also 1982.]

controlled sealing started by the Compañia Argentina de Pesca under Falkland Islands Dependencies regulations designed to conserve stocks of Elephant Seals. [The company had taken seals experimentally under previous regulations in 1909; the industry continued until 1964 and took 260 950 seals during this period.]

the Falkland Islands Dependencies government received a request for a licence for an experimental sheep farming enterprise from H. Jennings (Falkland Islands) and Wictor Esbensen (Norway), 1 July; the enterprise did not proceed. [A subsequent request for a pastoral licence was received from H. P. Briggs (Argentina), 17 July 1914; he was advised it was impracticable.]

Olaf Paulsen [Norway] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
César Maranga   Uruguay
Naval vessel relieved meteorological station; Uruguay also visited South Georgia; John Ellieson, second in command of station, died, 20 August.

Sprott H. Balcom       Agnes G. Donohoe
Wentworth E. Baker     Isabel May
Charles Leblanc        Village Belle
Visited South Georgia; Agnes G. Donohoe and Village Belle also visited South Sandwich Islands.

first introduction of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) made by Carl Anton Larsen and Lauritz Edward Larsen at Ocean Harbour, November. [Subsequent introductions made in 1912 and 1925.]

Harald Wiström [Sweden] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Guillermo Llosa        Uruguay
Naval vessel relieved meteorological station; Uruguay also visited South Georgia.

during this summer a female Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) was reported landed and measured at Grytviken whaling station; its length was 107 Norwegian fot [33∙58 m]; the largest animal ever recorded.

Nils A. Andersen       Restitution with whale-catchers T.W.I. and C.O.J.
Southern Whaling and Sealing Company (Irvin and Johnson, South Africa and Britain) deployed a floating whaling factory at Prince Olav Harbour, South Georgia, under a Falkland Islands Dependencies Government licence. [A shore station was established in 1917 and the site used until 1931; the hulk Brutus was moored there. A whalers’ cemetery was established near the station.]

Wilhelm Filchner
Richard Vahsel (1911-12), Wilhelm Lorenz (1912), and
Alfred Kling (1912)    Deutschland
Visited South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands; at the former investigated the coasts aboard Undine, prepared charts and reopened the observatory at Royal Bay (1882-83, q.v.); one man lost at sea. Continued south to ‘Prinzregent Luitpold Land’ [Luitpold Coast] and charted part of the south coast of the Weddell Sea; discovered the Filchner Ice Shelf where an attempt to establish a station was unsuccessful (it was deployed on a calving iceberg). Deutschland, with 33 men aboard, was beset and drifted in pack ice for 9 months; a winter sledge journey proved non-existence of Robert Johnson’s ‘New South Greenland’, reported in 1821. Visited South Georgia a second time after getting free from the ice. Sledge dogs and Manchurian ponies carried for transport and ultimately left on South Georgia. [Vahsel died, 8 August 1912; succeeded by Lorentz to Grytviken and then Kling. The original plan was to cross Antarctica by the South Pole to the Ross Sea.]

Petter Sørlle Powell
Whale-catcher used to investigate anchorages in South Sandwich Islands and South Orkney Islands for Aktieselskabet Rethval of Oslo, whose floating factory Falkland (N. Christophersen) worked at Falkland Harbour, Powell Island, South Orkney Islands, for 6 weeks under a Falkland Islands Dependencies Government licence. [Sørlle took the first whale there in January 1912.]

Ole Jørgensen Tulla (combined factory ship and whale-catcher)
Søren Andersen        Havfruen (transport vessel)
Searched for suitable anchorages for floating whale factories at South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands; whaling based on the latter group was started under a Falkland Islands Dependencies Government licence in 1911. Continued to make the first experimental whaling expedition to South Sandwich Islands; Havfruen was sunk by ice, 3 December 1911, near 58∙35°S, 30∙12°W. Landing made at Ferguson Bay, Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands. [Tulla was an experimental vessel – which was not successful.]

David Ferguson
Conducted a mineralogical and geological examination of South Georgia for Christian Salvesen and Company, January to April. Transport provided by whale-catchers.

civil administrative station moved to King Edward Point from Grytviken; the Magistrate took up residence in September. [A typhus epidemic, from June to August 1912, caused 9 deaths at Grytviken.]

King Edward Cove (South Georgia) and Port Foster (Deception Island) declared ‘Ports of Entry’ from 1 October (Orders 127 and 149) by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government (the latter for whaling seasons only).

enacted the ‘Wild Animals and Birds (South Georgia) Ordinance’ (8 of 1912), 28 September. This protected the introduced reindeer and Upland Goose, and four indigenous bird species.

Sigurd Stranger [Norway] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Carl Anton Larsen      Undine
Personnel arrived at South Georgia aboard Harpon from where a chartered vessel relieved the meteorological station.

Benjamin Dunham Cleveland      Daisy
Visited South Georgia; Robert Cushman Murphy made ornithological and other observations and collections for the American Museum of Natural History and Brooklyn Museum, New York, made a sketch map of the Bay of Isles and took numerous photographs. [This was the last old-style sealing voyage to the island; 1641 Elephant Seals and numerous penguins were taken.]

Whalers’ Church constructed at Grytviken by Carl Anton Larsen and Den Norske Sjømannsmisjon; consecrated, 25 December. Kristen Løken (Norway) was first pastor. [Ivar Welle, from the Sjømannsmisjon, had visited South Georgia in February 1910 at the invitation of Larsen to initiate the project; Løken was at Grytviken from 1 April 1912 to 4 June 1914; subsequent Norwegian clerics were Frithjof Zwilgmeyer (theological student) 14 March 1914 to mid 1916, Jon Foen (virger) between 1916 and 1918, Frederik Knudsen (pastor) October 1925 to May 1926, Sverre Eika (pastor) September 1929 to April 1931, and Johan Schrøder Lunde (deacon) 1958 to 1961.]

Solveig Gunbjörg Jacobsen born at Grytviken, 8 October, and registered by the Magistrate. [Subsequently there have been 12 more children born on the island.]

Harald Wiström [Sweden] and K. Stachlhandske [Sweden]
(Officers-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Alfred Kling   Deutschland
Vessel, chartered from the German South Polar Expedition (1911-12, q.v.), relieved meteorological station; Wiström died, 7 May, and Stachlhandske took command; Deutschland also visited South Georgia.

enacted the ‘Wild Animals and Birds Protection Ordinance’, 22 March, which was extended to the Falkland Islands Dependencies (amended in 1975). [This Act also repealed the ‘Wild Birds Preservation Ordinance’ of 15 June 1908 and ‘Wild Animals and Birds (South Georgia) Ordinance’ of 28 September 1912.]

Major Gerald Edwin Hamilton Barrett-Hamilton and P. Stammwitz (Britain) visited Leith Harbour on behalf of the Colonial Office, to investigate state of the whaling industry and biology of whales; other biological collections were also made. [Barrett-Hamilton died on South Georgia, 17 January 1914.]

José Gonçalves Correira (Portugal-United States), formerly mate of Daisy (1912-13, q.v.), collected bird skins at the island for the American Museum of Natural History. He was transported by the whaling fleet. [Correira probably continued his collecting during the 1914-15 summer also.]

John Quayle Dickson, Colonial Secretary, Falkland Islands and Dependencies Governments, made a tour of inspection of the island, April.

R. Blüthgen [Germany] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Carl Anton Larsen      Undine
Personnel arrived at South Georgia aboard Harpon from where a chartered vessel relieved the meteorological station.

[Weddell Sea Party] (Britain)
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton
Frank Arthur Worsley   Endurance
Visited South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands; discovered southern part of Caird Coast. Endurance, with a complement of 28 men, was beset, drifted 10 months during which the non-existence of Robert Johnson’s ‘New South Greenland’ was demonstrated; Endurance was crushed in pack ice of the Weddell Sea, abandoned 27 October and sunk on 21 November 1915, wrecking the plan to sledge across Antarctica; company drifted on the pack ice and later escaped in boats to Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands, 14 April 1916, where wintered; Shackleton with 5 others sailed 1450 km to South Georgia in modified whale boat James Caird; he and 2 of them made the first major trek across the island to Stromness; 5 relief expeditions were organized in 1916, of which the fourth rescued the party of 22 men from Elephant Island, 30 August 1916, which was led by John Robert Francis [Frank] Wild after Shackleton’s departure. [Endurance was equipped with wireless telegraphy apparatus but it was insufficiently powerful to communicate with a coast station; dogs used for sledge hauling and a motor sledge carried; James Francis [Frank] Hurley made a ciné film and took colour photographs.]

Edward Beveridge Binnie appointed Stipendiary Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 20 October 1914. He held the post until 1 April 1927.

James Percy Ault       Carnegie
Circumnavigation of the Antarctic during the fifth of a series of voyages to conduct magnetic research; left New Zealand eastbound, searched at reported positions of ‘Nimrod Island’ and ‘Dougherty’s Island’, confirming their non-existence; visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia; attempted, unsuccessfully, to locate Bouvetøya and land on Iles Kerguelen.

Oscar Karlsen  Fortuna
[unmanned]     Montebello
South Georgia; whale-catchers, foundered off Hope Point, Cumberland Bay, 14 May, and in Ocean Harbour, 4 August, respectively; losses investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

Otto Hilmar Poulsen    Horatio
This floating factory, with a full cargo of whale oil aboard, burnt and sunk off Leith Harbour, South Georgia, 11 March; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

?      Argos
This steam-assisted sailing vessel departed for South Georgia, 9 May 1916, with a cargo of coal and empty barrels; and was never seen again. Some of the cargo was found at King Haakon Bay; 7 rough beds were found at Prince Olav Harbour whaling station when it was reopened late in 1916 and a corpse was later discovered near the station. The Uruguayan vessel Instituto de Pesca Nº I (Ruperto L. Elichiri-Behety) assisted in searches for Argos. [Some of Argos’s survivors may have landed on the south-west of South Georgia, reached Prince Olav Harbour and perished while trying to get to Stromness Bay at about the time Ernest Henry Shackleton was crossing the island (1914-16, q.v.).]

John Derwent Allen     HMS Kent
Visited Falkland Islands continued to South Georgia, 10 April, and Simon’s Town; made the first successful radio transmission from King Edward Cove (received at Stanley).

Ingvar O. Thom Southern Sky
Whale-catcher, with Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton aboard, attempted but failed to reach Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands, May, to rescue Shackleton’s party left there, April 1916 (1914-16, q.v.); conveyed Shackleton to Falkland Islands.

Olaf Lützow-Holm [Norway] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
C. J. Rasmussen        Undine
Chartered vessel, from South Georgia, relieved the meteorological station. Reported ‘Undine Rock’ at 58∙52°S, 41∙80°W; later found to be non-existent.

James Francis [Frank] Hurley, photographer from Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (Endurance, 1914-16 q.v.), returned to the island to secure additional ciné photographs of seals and birds for incorporation in his documentary film South (replacing some lost with Endurance), assisted by Christian Salvesen and Company whaling company which provided transport, March-April.

Anton Stuxberg [Sweden] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
C. J. Rasmussen        Undine
Chartered vessel, from South Georgia, relieved meteorological station; whale-catcher Karl (O. J. Næss) also visited.

Hugo Valentiner [Denmark] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Jorge Games    Uruguay
Naval vessel visited Falkland Islands; relieved meteorological station; return voyage visited South Georgia.

François Xavier Ziegler and J. G. Fenton (joint leaders)
Capt. Goodwin  Woodville
Visited Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island to prospect (unsuccessfully) for diamonds, 31 May to 3 October; huts built in The Glen on the latter island where one man died and was buried (cat and dog introduced); inscribed stone left at The Glen. [Woodville was on a voyage to and from South Georgia.]

Herbert Willes Webley Hope     HMS Dartmouth
Charted Cumberland Bay while ‘showing the flag’ at South Georgia, January; also charted Shag Rocks. Visited Tristan da Cunha.

William Barlas appointed the Falkland Islands Dependencies representative at these islands for the whaling season at the islands (he travelled aboard whale-catcher Herkules). [Subsequently Government representatives travelled with the whaling fleet to the islands every summer until 1930-31; generally a member of the staff of the Stipendiary Magistrate of South Georgia undertook this function.]

Morten Fadum (Manager)
Edmund Wang    Teie with whale-catchers Husvik and Herkules
Tønsbergs Hvalfangeri established a shore whaling station at Borge Bay, Signy Island, South Orkney Islands under a Falkland Islands Dependencies Government licence; took first whale 7 February 1921. The site was also used by floating whaling factories from 1920-21 to 1929-30. The small shore station principally used skrotts from floating factories and ceased to operate from 1925-26 (it was not successful owing to the severity of the climate). Approximately 3500 whales were caught there from 1921 to 1929. The Argentine meteorological station of Laurie Island was occasionally relieved by whaling vessels during this period.

Daniel Hansen  T.W.I.
Whale-catcher foundered off South Georgia, 11 May, complement rescued; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

Alister Francis Beal   HMS Weymouth
Visited South Georgia.

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton and
John Robert Francis [Frank] Wild       Quest
Visited South Georgia, where Shackleton died, 5 January 1922. Wild took command and expedition continued to the Weddell Sea; visited South Sandwich Islands; confirmed non-existence of ‘New South Greenland’; attempts to discover new land in the Enderby Land region were unsuccessful; sighted Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands; returned to South Georgia, then visited Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha. A Post Office operated aboard Quest. [The expedition, with George Hubert Wilkins aboard, was prepared to rescue the Waterboat Point party but this proved unnecessary (British Expedition to Graham Land, 1920-22.]

was buried in the Grytviken cemetery, South Georgia, after his body, which had been taken to Montevideo aboard Professor Gruvel, was returned to the island aboard Woodville (Capt. Least), 5 March. [Memorial stone unveiled in 1928, q.v.]

Fur Foxes (Alopex lagropus) introduced at Grytviken whaling station, under a Falkland Islands Dependencies Government licence. They were fed on whale products and their pelts taken for the fur trade but, although breeding occurred, the experiment was unsuccessful. The foxes remained caged while present on the island.

inaugurated by the British Colonial Office under the Government of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. [Work began on South Georgia in 1924-25 and the first voyage of Discovery was in 1925-26. Research continued until reorganization in 1949.]

Hugo Valentiner [Denmark] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Ricardo Vago   Guardia Nacional
Naval vessel visited South Georgia whence Rosita (Karl A. Larsen), a whale-catcher, continued to relieve the meteorological station. Alberto Carcelles made biological collections for the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires. [After this voyage the Argentine Minister of Marine wrote to the Minister of Agriculture proposing that the station be closed for financial reasons, this was declined.]

sent by the French Government to study the aerodynamics of soaring flight of albatrosses at sea; he worked aboard Guardia Nacional (Ricardo Vago, 1923) while visiting South Georgia, and from several whaling vessels from the island.

, 6 of 24 December, established a Dependencies Research and Development Fund to ensure that revenues derived from whaling leases and licences, and other local taxes, be devoted to research in connexion with the whaling industry. Construction of Discovery House laboratories, King Edward Point, South Georgia, began in the 1924-25 summer.

H. Nyegaad     Fleurus
Voyage inaugurating the Government mail service contracted to Tønsbergs Hvalfangeri, providing communication between the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, and Uruguay. Fleurus began the service at South Georgia, December and sailed approximately 4 times annually, carrying mail, passengers, and cargo between Falkland Islands and South Georgia, with annual voyages to South Shetland Islands, and occasional ones to South Orkney Islands, and Montevideo, 1924-33; Fleurus was replaced by Lafonia in 1934 and a series of other vessels until the service was terminated when Darwin was withdrawn, 1971. [Subsequent mail service voyages to South Georgia are not all listed here except in special circumstances. Return ‘tourist’ tickets were advertised for some voyages.]

Vladimir Dobrovolski [Russia / Soviet Union] (Officer-in-charge;
Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Gerónimo Costa Palma    Guardia Nacional
Naval vessel visited South Georgia with cargo for Grytviken; arranged relief of meteorological station by whale-catcher Karl; collections made for the Museo de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires. Pampa (Benito Sueyro) also visited the station.

marine biological laboratory at Grytviken, South Georgia, completed in January. [Work in this laboratory, started under Neil Alison Mackintosh, continued, with periodic changes of staff, during each whaling season until 1931.]

Falkland Islands Dependencies Government wireless station opened at King Edward Point, 1 April, with Herbert Edward Prickett as operator.

Ivar Storm Larsen      Swona II
Whale-catcher foundered off South Georgia, 7 March, complement rescued; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

Gotfred Thorsen        Granat
This sealer foundered in Ice Fjord, South Georgia, 29 September, complement rescued; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

first formulated claims to South Orkney Islands; extended in 1927 to South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, and progressively in 1937, 1942, 1943, and 1947 to almost all of the territories in the Falkland Islands Dependencies (the eventual claims were to ‘Antártida Argentina’, the lands between 25°W and 74°W, south of 60°S, with South Georgia, Shag Rocks, and South Sandwich Islands [1947, q.v.]).

Ernst Bruhns [Germany] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Ramón A. Poch   1° de Mayo
Naval vessel visited South Georgia and arranged relief of meteorological station by whale-catcher Don Ernesto (Hans T. Johannesen).

Henrik Govenius Melsom (Manager)
Hans P. Hansen Lancing
with whale-catchers Norrøna I, Globe I, Globe II, and Globe III
Melsom installed the first hauling-up slipway (invented by Petter Sørlle) on this vessel, which inaugurated pelagic whaling factories in the Antarctic; Lancing visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Palmer Archipelago. [Her operations were ostensibly outside the 3 nautical mile (5∙6 km) territorial limits of the Falkland Islands Dependencies.]

Stanley Wells Kemp
Joseph Russell Stenhouse       Discovery
Preliminary oceanographic survey of South Georgia and South Shetland Islands whaling grounds; hydrographic surveys were made in these 2 groups in Palmer Archipelago and near Hugo Island; 6 lines of oceanographic soundings were run between Cape Town and the Scotia Sea, and another between South Shetland Islands and Cabo de Hornos; searched for non-existent ‘Thompson Island’ and sighted Bouvetøya; visited Tristan da Cunha and South Orkney Islands. Discovered the existence of the Antarctic Convergence (see also Meteor, 1925-27). Reported the sea covered with enormous tabular icebergs off Clarence Island, one extended across the whole horizon, February 1927.

Alfred Merz (1925) and
Friedrich A. Spieβ (1925-27)      Meteor
Oceanographic voyage including hydrographic observations at South Georgia (visited the station remains at Moltke Harbour), South Shetland Islands (visited Deception Island whaling station, South Sandwich Trench, and Gough Island; visited Bouvetøya; determined the composition and movements of distinct water masses originating in the Southern Ocean and discovered the existence of the Antarctic Convergence (see also Discovery, 1925-27). [Merz died at sea, 25 August 1925; Spieβ, in executive command of the ship, continued in sole command.]

Carl E. Berg [Sweden] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Hans T. Johannesen     Don Ernesto
Meteorological station relieved by whale-catcher from South Georgia, where personnel arrived aboard Tijuca. Alférez Mackinlay (Ramón A. Poch) called, May, with biologist Alberto Carcelles aboard.

S. Sjeldche (Manager)
Hans P. Hansen Lancing
Visited South Georgia and South Orkney Islands. Alberto Carcelles made further biological collections for the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires.

Eyvind Tofte
Anton S. Anderssen     Odd I
Whale-catcher made a reconnaissance in the Bellingshausen Sea; visited, photographed, and charted Peter I Øy but was unable to land; visited South Georgia, South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago; reported an iceberg estimated as 180 km² off Clarence Island, 7 January. [This was the first of Lars Christensen’s series of expeditions from 1926 to 1937.]

Alister Clavering Hardy, Neil Alison Mackintosh, James Erik Hamilton, and
David Dilwyn John (Chief Scientists for successive voyages)
George Metcalf Mercer  RSS William Scoresby (1st commission)
Whale marking and oceanographic voyage off South Georgia; trawling survey off Falkland Islands. Visited Gough Island, 7 to 8 June 1927.

Frederick Black Alison appointed Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 22 August (he held the post until 24 November 1927, when he was elected to the Falkland Islands Legislative Council).

reported from 4 vessels: Lancing at 180 km north-east of South Orkney Islands claimed to be as large as South Georgia, February; from Orita and Winterhunde many bergs were sighted, one 18 km long, between Falkland Islands and Río de la Plata, October; reports from Tijuca described bergs all the way from South Georgia to Río de la Plata, one estimated to be 93 km long, December.

José Manuel Moneta (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Gotfred Thorsen        Tijuca
Tijuca reached South Georgia, arranged relief of meteorological station, by the floating factory Orwell [II] and a whale-catcher. Wireless contact established between the station and Ushuaia, 30 March, by Emilio Baldoni. Cats and dogs introduced.

C. Adamsen     Fleurus
Carried the Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson, on an inspection of South Georgia, 6 to 13 August.

Hans Olaf Hansen       Busen VII
Tønsbergs Hvalfangeri sent this whale-catcher to make another search for a site for a shore station in South Sandwich Islands.

Haakon Mosby
Harald Horntvedt       Norvegia (1st voyage)
The first of a series of voyages promoted by Lars Christensen; spent a month sealing (took 800 Fur Seal pelts), making scientific observations and surveying on Bouvetøya, which was claimed for Kong Haakon VII of Norway, 1 December 1927; oceanographic observations conducted in waters around the island; plan to establish a meteorological station there was abandoned owing to unfavourable conditions, but a depot hut, ‘Villa Haapløs’, was built on Larsøya. Visited South Georgia for repairs; from where Olaf Holtedahl and Ola Olstad visited South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago, aboard vessels belonging to the Norwegian whaling fleet, to make geological and zoological observations.

Gullik Jensen (Manager)
?      Anglo-Norse
James Erik Hamilton, of Discovery Expeditions, accompanied this expedition to South Sandwich Islands area as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government representative; conducted marine biological work; no landing was made. [The whaling fleets also visited the region in 1928-29 and 1929-30.]

David Dilwyn John, James William Slessor Marr, and George William Rayner
(Chief Scientists for successive voyages)
H. de G. Lamotte and Richard Laurence Vere Shannon
(in executive command of the ship for different summers)
RRS William Scoresby (2nd commission)
Conducted oceanographic work between Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and South Shetland Islands; hydrographic charting in the last group from February to March 1929. During 1929-30 William Scoresby acted as a base ship for Sir George Hubert Wilkins’s air reconnaissance of north-west part of the Antarctic Peninsula and the Bellingshausen Sea. Sheltered in the lee of a giant iceberg, estimated to be 130 km long between Falkland Islands and South Georgia, February 1928.

Ernst Bruhns [Germany] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Gotfred Thorsen        Tijuca
Tijuca reached South Georgia, arranged relief of meteorological station, by the floating factory Orwell [II] and a whale-catcher; radio operator died, 27 October.

Lauritz Karlsen        Fleurus
Official visit, February to March, of Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson, Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, to South Shetland Islands (called at the Deception Island whaling station), Palmer Archipelago, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia; at last unveiled the memorial stone over Sir Ernest Shackleton’s grave, 24 February, and inaugurated annual whalers’ sports meetings at Grytviken. [There were several subsequent voyages by Fleurus to South Shetland Islands. Whaling finished in these islands in 1931 and Fleurus was withdrawn from service in 1933.]

Ludwig Kohl-Larsen
Transported to South Georgia, with his wife, Margit, and a photographer, by whaling vessels; surveyed parts of the island, including inland glaciers, made biological collections and prepared ciné films; reported sealers’ graves at Elsehul and a wreck at Diaz Cove (presumably of a sealer).

John Miller Chaplin    Alert
Hydrographic survey of the harbours and anchorages of South Georgia conducted aboard a launch conveyed aboard whaling transport vessels.

William Barlas appointed Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 27 September 1928. He held the post until 2 September 1941; when he died after being thrown into the sea by a snow-slide on the way to Grytviken.

(from Port Stanley)
Lauritz Karlsen        Fleurus
Visited South Georgia, August.

Hans Kristoffersen     Southern Sky
Whale-catcher foundered in a storm off Welcome Islands, South Georgia, 12 April, complement of 13 men drowned; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

made further biological collections on South Georgia for the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, travelling aboard whaling vessels.

Stanley Wells Kemp
William Melvin Carey   RRS Discovery II (1st commission)
Oceanographic work, mainly in the Falkland Islands Dependencies and especially at South Georgia whaling grounds, but observations extended to parts of the South Atlantic and Bellingshausen Sea; surveys made in South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, Hugo Island, South Georgia, and Bouvetøya; confirmed non-existence of ‘Thompson Island’, ‘Undine Rock’, and ‘Strathfillan Rocks’; visited the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, Peter I Øy (did not land), and Darbel Bay. Reported an iceberg 130 km long between South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, February 1930.

John Medlicott Ellis, Colonial Secretary of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Governments, visited the island.

Neil Alison Mackintosh and Eustace Rolfe Gunther
(Chief Scientists on different voyages)
John James Cawdell Irving and T. A. Jolliffe
(in executive command of the ship on different voyages)
RRS William Scoresby (3rd commission)
Oceanographic and whale-marking voyage around South Georgia and the northern parts of the Weddell Sea; survey of Perú coastal current; trawling survey of Burdwood Bank. Reported an iceberg 83 km long 180 km north of South Georgia, May 1930. [The whale-marking programme begun by this voyage has been continued to the present.]

Ernst Bruhns [Germany] (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Johan A. Johanssen     Tijuca
Tijuca reached South Georgia, arranged relief of meteorological station by a whale-catcher.

Erich Dautert
Two German biologists from the Universidad y Museo de La Plata visited South Georgia aboard Tijuca (Johan A. Johannsen), early 1931, to study whaling, natural history, and make collections.

owing to over-production of whale and seal oil and the financial crisis of 1930-31, most of the world’s whaling fleets were laid up for this season (‘Det Stille Året’, the silent year in Norway). While 47 factories with 232 whale-catchers took part in the 1930-31 Antarctic summer (and produced the largest amount of whale oil ever recorded), only 7 factories with 45 whale-catchers took part in 1931-32. The shore stations on Deception Island (South Shetland Islands), Husvik, Stromness, and Prince Olav Harbour (South Georgia), and Port-Jeanne d’Arc (Iles Kerguelen) closed; Husvik alone reopened (in 1945-46). [Of the other 2 South Georgia stations, Leith closed for 1932-33 only and Grytviken operated continuously.] Whaling companies made the first quota arrangements to reduce oil production.

David Dilwyn John
William Melvin Carey   RRS Discovery II (2nd commission)
Oceanographic work; a series of long V- and W-shaped lines of observations between the pack ice and ports in Falkland Islands, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand; the fourth circumnavigation of Antarctica and the first during winter; many lines of closely grouped observations in the waters of the Falkland Islands Dependencies, including the north-eastern part of the Weddell Sea; visited South Georgia (reported Fur Seals on Bird Island), South Shetland Islands, and South Orkney Islands (called at Laurie Island and Argentine meteorological observatory, landed on Inaccessible Islands), making surveys of the last group. Determined position of Bishop and Clerk Islands, off Macquarie Island. Data contributed for the International Polar Year programmes (1932-33, q.v.). [Carey was washed overboard in the Bay of Biscay during the return voyage.]

first marriage in Antarctic regions; Alfred George Nelson Jones and Vera May Riches were married by William Barlas, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Stipendiary Magistrate at King Edward Point, 24 February; a child, Iorwerth Nelson Arnold Jones, was born on 24 January 1934 (registered as number 9 in the Falkland Islands Dependencies). [A total of 4 marriages have been solemnized at South Georgia until 1990. subsequently they became more frequent.]

Basil G. Washington    HMS Durban
Visited South Georgia and Falkland Islands, November.

Fredrik Aas and Emanuel Edvardsen      Fleurus
Made two visits to South Georgia.

Konrad Granøe Saragossa
Factory ship caught fire at 62∙33°S, 55∙78°W, on the Southern Ocean; abandoned, 17 March; cargo of 5321 ton [6 x 10⁶ l] of whale oil aboard; complement were rescued by whale-catchers and taken to South Georgia; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

, fifty years after the First International Polar Year; it operated no stations in Antarctic regions, although some had been planned, but data were contributed by the meteorological observatories on South Georgia and South Orkney Islands, the Discovery Expeditions (Discovery II 1931-33, q.v.), and 10 vessels of the Norwegian whaling fleet (Hektoria [Fredrich Gjertsen], Kosmos [Hans Anderson], Kosmos II [Lars Andersen], Ole Wegger [David Andersen], Sir James Clark Ross [Oscar Nielsen], Skytteren [Hans Jespersen], Solglimt [Albin Andersen], Svend Foyn [Gullik Jensen], Thorshammer [Hjalmar Bråvold], and Vestfold [Sverre Skedsmo]), and whaling factory Tafelberg [Kapt. Berg] from South Africa.

Emanuel Edvardsen      Fleurus
Made visits to South Georgia. [This was the last year of visits by Fleurus but several other vessels continued the service.]

Neil Alison Mackintosh
Andrew Laidlaw Nelson  RRS Discovery II (3rd commission)
Lines of oceanographic observations repeated at intervals in the meridian of 80°W and in the Scotia Sea for the study of seasonal variations; several long voyages through the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, examining whale populations and their environment; visited Prince Edward Islands (did not land), South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, and South Shetland Islands, making surveys in the last group. Medical officer conveyed to Bear of Oakland in the Ross Sea, February 1934.

Otto Larsen    Shoma
Whale-catcher was abandoned during a storm off South Georgia, she was found empty and low in the water at Rookery Bay, 7 February, all 12 men aboard lost (presumably took to the boats but drowned in the surf); loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

John Riddoch Rymill
Robert Edward Dudley Ryder     Penola
Visited Deception Island, wintered on Winter Island, Argentine Islands, (1935, 9 men ashore and 7 aboard Penola) and Barry Island, Debenham Islands, (1936, 9 men); during dog sledge journeys and flights the coast and off-lying islands of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula were surveyed from Palmer Archipelago to southern Alexander Island. Sledging parties discovered and penetrated southwards along King George VI Sound to 72°S, and eastwards across the Antarctic Peninsula, proving the channels reported by George Hubert Wilkins in 1928-29 to be non-existent. Penola spent the 1936 winter at Falkland Islands and South Georgia, where Brian Birley Roberts made ornithological investigations. Extensive scientific programme undertaken including: meteorology, tides, geology, glaciology, and biology.

volcanic eruption reported on Bristol Island, 31 December, by Christian Salvesen and Company floating whaling factory Sourabaya.

George Edward Raven Deacon
Leonard Charles Hill   RRS Discovery II (4th commission)
Oceanographic circumnavigation of Antarctica during summer planned, but ship diverted to the Bay of Whales in the Ross Sea to search for Lincoln Ellsworth and Herbert Hollick-Kenyon (1935-36); revised programme included observations in the Ross Sea, lines of observations across the Indian and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, and more concentrated work in the waters of the Falkland Islands Dependencies; visited Balleny Islands, South Georgia, and South Orkney Islands (including Signy Island and Laurie Island); continued survey of South Shetland Islands where a boat, Rapid, was lost and a survey party stranded on King George Island, January 1937.

[unmanned]     Septa
This former whale-catcher sank off Leith Harbour, South Georgia.

Colin Sinclair Thomson HMS Ajax
Visited South Georgia with Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Sir Herbert Henniker-Heaton) aboard, January; assisted in search for missing boat crew from RRS Discovery II at King George Island, South Shetland Islands, during return voyage.

George William Rayner
Ronald Clifford Freaker        RRS William Scoresby (7th commission)
Whale-marking voyage in the Scotia Sea and Bellingshausen Sea, covering an expanse of ocean between Bouvetøya and Peter I Ø; landed on Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands.

Henry Harwood Harwood  HMS Exeter
Visited South Georgia; used 2 Walrus aircraft to conduct surveys. The Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, Sir Herbert Henniker-Heaton, was aboard.

Geoffrey A. B. Hawkins HMS Queen of Bermuda
Operated off South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and in the Weddell Sea to protect Argentine, British, and Norwegian whaling fleets, January-March; destroyed oil fuel installations and coal stocks on Deception Island to deny their use to German raiders, 5 March. Batteries, with 4 inch (100 mm) guns, established on South Georgia at Hope Point (later moved to Horse Head) and above Leith Harbour (later moved to Hansen Point) principally manned by volunteers of the Norwegian Defence Forces recruited from whaling station employees (later incorporated as part of the Falkland Islands Defence Force).

Alfonso Chakí (Officer-in-charge; Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands)
Hans Olsen     Dias
Meteorological station relieved by sealer from South Georgia by way of Ushuaia.

Arthur Isidore Fleuret appointed Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government. He held the post until 15 March 1951.

James William Slessor Marr (Port Lockroy; in command of all shore staff)
William Robert Flett (Deception Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1944 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Keith Allan John Pitt  Fitzroy
Victor Aloysius John Baptist Marchesi  HMS William Scoresby
Permanent meteorological stations established at Port Lockroy (‘Base A’, open 11 February 1944, 9 men wintered, pig introduced) and Deception Island (‘Base B’, 3 February 1944, 5 men wintered); Argentine emblems at these 2 places and at Melchior Islands removed; ships attempted, without success, to establish occupation party at Hope Bay; found no suitable site for base on Antarctic Peninsula coast between Antarctic Sound and Andvord Bay; visited South Orkney Islands and South Georgia; William Scoresby visited Cape Renard where the British flag was hoisted and a record of the ship’s visit left. During the winter 1944, scientific programmes initiated included geology, biology, and survey. [This was the first of a series of British expeditions by the Royal Navy, Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, and British Antarctic Survey. The hut at ‘Base A’ is now protected as a ‘historic site’.]

issued postage stamps for four of the Dependencies (Graham Land, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, and South Orkney Islands), December. Subsequently a series of stamps for the Dependencies and, later, British Antarctic Territory, South Georgia, and South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands have been issued. [Protests were received from Argentina and Chile.]

during this summer 3 shore stations (Grytviken, Husvik, and Leith) and 9 factory ships (Antarctic, Empire Venture, Empire Victory, Norhval, Pelagos, Sir James Clark Ross, Southern Venturer, Suderøy, and Thorshammer) operated with 93 whale-catchers, and associated transport vessels. These took 13 387 whales. [After the Second World War pelagic whaling was resumed by a few companies on the Southern Ocean and 2 shore stations reopened, both on South Georgia, which thus had the only Antarctic shore stations).]

Carl Alexander Gibson-Hill (Britain) visited the island to make ornithological observations, January to March; transported by Christian Salvesen and Company.

Arthur Niall Rankin    Albatross (launch)
Private expedition visited South Georgia to study ornithology and photograph wild life, reached remote parts of the island. Launch transported to and from the island by whaling company vessels.

Klaas Visser   Willem Barendsz.
First Netherlands Antarctic whaling operation; operated in area between Bouvetøya and South Sandwich Islands. Five zoologists, including Everhard Johannes Slijper, accompanied voyage for research on whales and birds.

John Graham Forbes     HMS Snipe
Barrington Lungley Moore       HMS Nigeria
Snipe, with Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Sir Geoffrey Miles Clifford) aboard, visited South Georgia and British stations in South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula. Snipe and Nigeria later visited British and other stations in South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago; the Governor joined Nigeria for this voyage.

a child was born to Aleksandra Akimovna Leonova, a waitress aboard the factory ship Slava (Aleksey Nikolayevich Solyanik) from Odessa, on the Southern Ocean, at approximately 61°S, 14°E, on a traverse towards South Sandwich Islands, 6 January; he was named Antarktyk Yemil’yanovich Keshelava.

, 17 040 of 9 June, established in the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Cultos, the ‘División Antártida y Malvinas’ to handle matters related to the Falkland Islands, with South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, and other Antarctic regions.

John Valentine Waterhouse      HMS Sparrow
Charles Leslie Firth   HMS Glasgow
Sparrow visited British and other stations in South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Palmer Archipelago; Glasgow also visited King George Island and South Georgia.

Vivian Ernest Fuchs (Stonington Island)
Gordon Derek Stock (Deception Island)
Timothy Michael Nicholl (Argentine Islands)
Richard Maitland Laws (Signy Island)
Geoffrey Francis Hattersley-Smith (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1949 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Henry Kirkwood John Biscoe
Hope Bay and Port Lockroy stations evacuated; relief of Stonington Island station prevented by ice conditions (5 men thus spent a third consecutive year in Antarctica); 4 other existing stations relieved; South Georgia visited. The Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Sir Geoffrey Miles Clifford) accompanied voyage. Admiralty hydrographic unit resurveyed Deception Island (including Port Foster and approaches) and made sounding runs around South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands. During the 1949 winter ground surveys of Marguerite Bay and northern George VI Sound continued from Stonington Island, and geological party reached Eklund Islands in southern George VI Sound. Biological work continued on Signy Island and Stonington Island. [The Governor took charge of the Survey from October 1948.]

Charles Leslie Firth   HMS Glasgow
Visited and conducted surveys at South Georgia; Governor (Sir Geoffrey Miles Clifford) and Robert Staveley Boumphrey, a Colonial Service Auditor, were aboard.

James Harvey Chaplin (Port Lockroy)
John Robert Green (Deception Island)
Henry George Heywood (Argentine Islands)
William Joseph Lambart Sladen (Signy Island)
John Arthur Kendall (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1950 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
Henry Kirkwood John Biscoe
New station established at King Edward Point, South Georgia, (‘Base M’), took over meteorological observations from Compañia Argentina de Pesca, 1 January 1950; forecasts issued, chiefly for the whaling fleet. (Arthur Isidore Fleuret, the Magistrate, was in charge of the government station.) With help of Norseman and Auster aircraft, Stonington Island was evacuated; Port Lockroy station reoccupied; 4 existing stations relieved; Governor, Sir Geoffrey Miles Clifford, inspected the British stations. During the 1950 winter scientific programmes concentrated on routine meteorological observations and meteorology; medical, bacteriological, and ornithological research also conducted on Signy Island.

Aleksey Nikolayevich Solyanik  Slava 15
Whale-catcher used to make observations and sketches of South Sandwich Islands; also visited Gough Island.

established as an integral part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, with headquarters at Stanley, Falkland Islands, to provide forecasting services for the whaling fleets, local forecasts in the Falkland Islands, and collective broadcasts (FICOLS) for interception in other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. The meteorological station at King Edward Point, South Georgia, was transferred to the Service, 1 January, from the Compañia Argentina de Pesca; Daniel Borland became senior meteorologist. (The requirement to maintain the meteorological station had been deleted from the whaling company’s lease in 1948.) First regular forecasts issued to local whaling stations; extended to cover pelagic whaling area between 00° and 60°W, between 50°S and 65°S. [Annual reports and tables published for years 1950-62; name altered to British Antarctic Territory Meteorological Service, with annual reports 1963-70.]

published 1 : 500 000 map of South Georgia (DCS 701), which brought together all existing topographic information. [For DOS 610 see 1958.]

Augustin Ferro Ernesto Tornquist
This transport ship foundered in a storm at South Georgia, 16 October, at a site later called Tornquist Bay; all the complement of 260 were rescued; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

James Francis Reginald Crewes  HMS Veryan Bay
Visited South Georgia with the Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Sir Geoffrey Miles Clifford) aboard, May.

Henry Franceys Porter Herdman
John Fulford Blackburn RRS Discovery II (6th commission)
Oceanographic work organized by the National Institute of Oceanography to fill gaps in earlier Discovery Expeditions: lines of stations worked in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean in winter and summer, in the Pacific sector in winter and spring, in the Atlantic sector in winter, and in the central Indian Ocean in winter and spring. The ship’s route included the second winter circum-polar voyage so far achieved, and visits to Macquarie Island, South Sandwich Islands, Iles Kerguelen and Heard Island.

Ralph Anthony Lenton (Deception Island)
John Robert Green (Argentine Islands)
Joseph John Cheal (Signy Island)
Kenneth Reginald Gooden (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
Richard Maitland Laws (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Leaders for summer and 1951 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government
[except on South Georgia where a Magistrate already resided])
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       John Biscoe
Port Lockroy station evacuated for the winter; remaining 5 stations relieved; Danco Coast examined; South Georgia whaling stations visited. Admiralty hydrographic unit began taut-wire survey of Bransfield Strait. Routine ionospheric observations began on Deception Island, August 1951. Elephant Seals and sealing industry studied on South Georgia, results led to greatly improved management of the industry.

Thorleif Hammerstad    Don Samuel
This sealer foundered off Queen Maud Bay, South Georgia, 11 November; complement got ashore and were later rescued; loss investigated by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate.

Steinar Olsen (Norway), an ichthyologist based at Husvik whaling station, made an investigation of the potential for commercial fisheries at the island aboard Busen 6. Two fishing vessels were dispatched there for the 1952-53 summer but the venture was not commercially successful.

George Walter Marsh (Hope Bay)
Ralph Anthony Lenton (Port Lockroy)
Edward Dacre Stroud (Deception Island)
Norman Stanley Wilson Petts (Argentine Islands)
Arthur Walter Mansfield (Signy Island)
William John Meehan (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1952 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       John Biscoe
Port Lockroy station reopened, December 1951; Hope Bay station re-established in February 1952 after delay caused by armed resistance of Argentine party (landed from Bahía Buen Suceso, commanded by Emilio L. Díaz) ashore to British landings; other stations relieved; South Georgia whaling stations visited. Admiralty hydrographic unit, under David Neil Penfold, surveyed Port Lockroy, Palmer Archipelago, and King Edward Cove (South Georgia); second unit, under F. W. Hunt, continued the survey of Hope Bay, parts of South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands, and around South Georgia, also continued taut-wire measurements in Bransfield Strait to connect the South Shetland Islands survey with the mainland. Ionospheric work transferred to Port Lockroy. During the 1952 winter Weddell Seals studied at Signy Island; Hope Bay survey programme included journeys to James Ross Island and Seal Nunataks. [Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service assumed responsibility for the King Edward Point observatory from the Survey, January 1952.]

Verner Duncan Carse
First summer; topographic and geological survey of the island initiated. Transport was provided by the whaling fleets. [This was the earliest of 4 expeditions which comprehensively surveyed South Georgia.]

Kenelm Somerset Pierce Butler appointed Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 15 March 1951. He held the post until 19 April 1954.

Carlos A. Viñuales      Hércules
Domingo G. Luis        Sarandí
Visited South Sandwich Islands; landed on Saunders Island and Vindication Island, February.

John Augustine Ievers  HMS Burghead Bay
Richard Horncastle     HMS Veryan Bay
Burghead Bay, with Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Sir Geoffrey Miles Clifford) aboard, investigated armed resistance by Argentines at Hope Bay to Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey landing (1951-52); inspected all of the Survey’s stations except Port Lockroy. Admiralty hydrographic unit continued taut-wire survey of Bransfield Strait and charted Admiralty Bay and seaward coasts of Deception Island. Veryan Bay, with the Governor aboard, visited South Georgia.

George Walter Marsh (Hope Bay)
Walter Stephen Peter Ward (Port Lockroy)
Ian William Noel Clarke (Deception Island)
David Alfred Barratt (Argentine Islands)
Alan George Tritton (Signy Island)
Ronald Francis Worswick (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1953 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       John Biscoe
Six existing stations relieved; on Argentine Islands, site prepared on Galindez Island for construction of new station. During the 1953 winter hut built on View Point, Duse Bay (‘Base V’), and occupied intermittently for meteorological work, survey and geology; James Ross Island survey completed and Borchgrevink Nunatak area resurveyed by Hope Bay parties. John Biscoe visited South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. One man died and was buried on Deception Island, 17 November 1953.

Harald Myhre   Southern Venturer
Christian Salvesen and Company factory ship circumnavigated Antarctica from South Georgia during a whaling season, the only whaling voyage to have accomplished this completely.

was heard before the Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate on Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, 14 April; it concerned protection of wildlife. [Civil and criminal cases had been tried in Antarctic regions previously (the first at South Georgia, 24 October 1910, by a Falkland Islands Dependencies Magistrate) but this was the earliest case in the region subsequently covered by the Antarctic Treaty.]

the obsolete whale-catcher Southern Wave, from Leith, was scuttled off Stromness Bay.

Denis Guy Douglas Hall-Wright  HMS Snipe
Alan William Frank Sutton      HMS Bigbury Bay
Snipe assisted 4 men of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Admiralty Bay station marooned at Port Hennequin; in February supported Falkland Islands Dependencies civil authorities in removal of the Argentine and Chilean huts on the landing ground near Whalers Bay, Deception Island; deported the 2 occupants of the Argentine hut to South Georgia and thence to Argentina aboard Quilmes; Snipe and later Bigbury Bay, remained on patrol in Deception Island waters until mid-April. Royal Marine detachment spent 3 months on Deception Island.

Johan T. Ruud
Martin Marthinsen      Enern (whale-catcher)
Whale-marking voyage in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in November and December; sponsored by British, Netherlands, and Norwegian whaling organizations; Enern visited South Georgia.

Paul Robert Helfrich Harrison  HMS Nereide
Basil Chrystie Ward    HMS St Austell Bay
Nereide, with the Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Sir Geoffrey Miles Clifford) aboard, inspected South Georgia whaling stations, and British and other stations in South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands; in March 1954 St Austell Bay escorted the Argentine Minister of Marine (aboard Les Eclaireurs) throughout his tour of Argentine Antarctic stations. Royal Marine detachment spent 4 months on Deception Island.

William Turner (Hope Bay)
Frederick George Bird (Port Lockroy)
George Ethelbert Hemmen (Deception Island)
Ralph Anthony Lenton (Argentine Islands)
Harold Smith (Signy Island)
David John George (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1954 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       John Biscoe
All stations relieved; on Argentine Islands, new station on Galindez Island constructed and occupied in the 1954 winter (replacing Winter Island station); South Georgia whaling stations visited; Deception Island and Joinville Island surveyed by summer parties; South Sandwich Islands examined. During the 1954 winter Hope Bay parties began large-scale local topographical survey, occupying View Point hut, March to November, and a provision depot at Seal Nunataks. Independent party of Bernard Stonehouse and William Nigel Bonner, made biological observations and collections at the Bay of Isles and elsewhere on South Georgia; field station established at Ample Bay, October 1953 to February 1955.

(Britain)
Verner Duncan Carse
Second summer; topographic and geological survey of the island continued; north-western end visited, coastal examination and visit to Annenkov Island made aboard Albatros. Geological collections made in south-eastern region.

the obsolete whale-catcher Southern Shore, from Leith, was scuttled off Stromness Bay.

Alicio E. Ogara (in command of summer operations)
Luis J. Etcheves (‘Melchior’, Gamma Island)
Luis Messiga (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Eduardo Sciurano (‘Decepción’, Deception Island)
Eduardo Pérez Tomas (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Eduardo Aníbal Valette (‘General San Martín’, Barry Island)
Enzo H. Balliana and Jorge R. González Moreno (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay;
combined army and navy station)
Carlos A. Bonino (‘Teniente Cámara’, Half Moon Island)
Hernán Pujato (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1955 winter)
Luis Tristán de Villalobos      General San Martín
Aurelio C. López de Bertodano   Bahía Buen Suceso
Benigno I. M. Varela   Bahía Aguirre
Jorge Federico Pablo Wicht     Punta Loyola
Héctor A. Suffern Moine Sanavirón
Adolfo V. R. Bluthgen  Chiriguano
Antonio Revuelto       Yámana
All stations relieved; new meteorological station (‘Belgrano’) established by the army on the Filchner Ice Shelf during first voyage of icebreaker General San Martín; oceanographic and survey work conducted off Coats Land and in the Weddell Sea. Refuge huts built in Mikkelsen Harbour, Trinity Island (‘Capitán Caillet Bois’); on Petermann Island (‘Groussac’); at Dorian Bay, Wiencke Island; and on Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands (‘Teniente Esquivel’); 7 existing refuge huts temporarily occupied, including Potter Cove, where aircraft were based. Extensive surveys made, largely from aircraft (indications of mountains were seen from 82°S, 1955-56); substantial geophysical programmes inaugurated; biological and geological investigations made; helicopters photographed the South Sandwich Islands. During the 1955 winter Hope Bay personnel built 3 refuge huts: in Duse Bay (‘Cristo Redentor’), on Tabarin Peninsula (‘Antonio Moro’), and on Petersson Island (‘Liberador’); Barry Island personnel built a refuge on Northeast Glacier (‘Yapeyú’). Two men died during the summer operations.

Lionel Robert Patrick Lawford  HMS Veryan Bay
Patrick Durrant Hoare  HMS Burghead Bay
Veryan Bay visited South Georgia whaling stations and British and other stations in South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands; conducted hydrographic surveys at the northern end of King George Island, accompanied by the Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur). Burghead Bay visited South Orkney Islands and South Shetland Islands.

George A. Sutton
Transported to South Georgia aboard the whaling supply ship Southern Opal, a group of 5 mountaineers attempted, without success, to climb Mount Paget (the highest peak). They reached several other summits and conducted some survey.

William Ellery McMahon Anderson (Hope Bay)
Alan Michael Carroll (Port Lockroy)
Cyril Hugh Palmer (Deception Island)
Ross Vernon Hesketh (Argentine Islands)
Harold Dollman (Signy Island)
John Rushton Noble (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
Peter Ralph Hooper (Anvers Island)
Kenneth Mitchell Gaul (Horseshoe Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1955 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       John Biscoe
Olav Johannessen       Norsel
All stations relieved by John Biscoe; party landed in Biscoe Bay, Anvers Island to reconnoitre a site for new station, but found no access to interior; new stations established in Arthur Harbour, Anvers Island (‘Base N’) and on Horseshoe Island in Marguerite Bay (‘Base Y’) by Norsel; Johannessen Harbour, in Martin Islands, and Gerlache Strait area surveyed. The Governor, Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur, inspected all stations except Horseshoe Island. During the 1955 winter Hope Bay parties continued local survey, occupied View Point hut from January to November (John Biscoe left a supply depot on Beak Island), resurveyed east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Fairweather and Cape Alexander, and studied problems of cold acclimatization and dog physiology; Anvers Island survey began in August, and Horseshoe Island parties initiated meteorological, surveying and geological programmes. [The hut at ‘Base Y’ is now protected as a ‘historic site’.]

Robert Edward Spivey appointed Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 20 April 1954. He held the post until 3 April 1957.

the obsolete whale-catcher Stina, from Leith, was scuttled off Stromness Bay, 3 February.

published Gazetteer of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. Several supplements were issued; after 1962 the Gazetteer of the British Antarctic Territory and after 1985 the Gazetteer of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, with their supplements and later editions, replaced it for the appropriate territories.

Emilio L. Díaz (in command of summer operations)
Eduardo Massocco (‘Melchior’, Gamma Island)
Domingo W. Lucero (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Edmundo Trejo Lema (‘Decepción’, Deception Island)
Eduardo Pérez Tomas (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Jorge A. Elizagaray (‘General San Martín’, Barry Island)
Horacio F. Giorgi and Nicolás Jorge Méndez (‘Esperanza’,
Hope Bay; combined army and navy station)
Julio Sbarbi Osuna (‘Teniente Cámara’, Half Moon Island)
Hernán Pujato (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1956 winter)
Luis M. Iriart General San Martín
David O. Funcia        Bahía Aguirre
Juan Carlos Kelly      Chiriguano
All existing stations relieved; 7 refuge huts temporarily occupied; refuge hut built on Watkins Island, Biscoe Islands (‘Capitán Estivariz’). Early in 1956 2 small aircraft made reconnaissance flights southwards from ‘Belgrano’ station to latitude 83°S (discovered ‘Cordón los Menucos’ [later Shackleton Range], ‘Montes Rufino’ [later Theron Mountains], ‘Macizo Santa Teresita’ [later Dufek Massif] and several other features). Meteorological, geophysical, and survey programmes continued; biological, glaciological and geological observations made. During the 1956 winter further sledge journeys made from Hope Bay and Barry Island, and 3 new refuge huts built – one on Robertson Island (‘San Roque’) and 2 in the Bills Gulch area (‘Chacabuco’, and ‘Maipú’). Mario B. Giovinetto lowered by a helicopter from Bahía Aguirre, made the first landing on Shag Rocks, 6 March 1956; collected geological specimens. ‘Teniente Esquivel’ refuge on Thule Island, South Sandwich Islands, occupied, 14 December 1955, but evacuated, 14 January 1956, by General San Martín, after a volcanic eruption occurred on Bristol Island. Two men died during the summer and another during the winter. [The discoveries made by the ‘Belgrano’ flights were later seen by United States expeditions or the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition; the Argentines did not publish the names until some years later, the others produced maps shortly after the rediscovery.]

John Valentine Wilkinson       HMS Protector
Visited British and other stations in South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula; made numerous soundings along north and west coasts of the latter; made ice reconnaissance in the Weddell Sea to assist the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition’s ship Theron, which was beset; helicopters also used to reconnoitre site for new Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey station on Danco Coast, to transport Royal Marine detachment to and from Anvers Island for training ashore, and to assist search for Argentine seaman reported adrift in Hope Bay (he was not found); inspected Argentine hut on Thule Island, South Sandwich Islands; landed on Saunders Island and Visokoi Island; photographed Bristol, Montagu, Visokoi, and Saunders Islands from the air; visited South Georgia.

Ronald Francis Worswick (Hope Bay)
Alan Michael Carroll (Port Lockroy)
Percy Guyver (Deception Island)
Norman Alexander Hedderley (Argentine Islands)
William Lancelot Noyes Tickell (Signy Island)
Colin Cowan Clement (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
Peter Ralph Hooper (Anvers Island)
Derek John Hatherill Searle (Horseshoe Island)
Richard Arthur Foster (Danco Island)
Thomas Leyden Murphy (Detaille Island)
(Leaders for summer and 1956 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
Norman Roy Brown       John Biscoe
William Johnston       RRS Shackleton
Stations relieved; South Georgia whaling stations visited; John Biscoe established new meteorological station on Detaille Island, off Loubet Coast (‘Base W’); Shackleton searched unsuccessfully for station site on Brabant Island; subsequently established new meteorological station on Danco Island, off Danco Coast (‘Base O’); examined Stonington Island station (evacuated in 1950); Coronation Island partially surveyed by a summer party; Sandefjord Bay hut found wrecked. Governor, Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur, inspected several stations, March. During the 1956 winter radio-sonde observations began at Argentine Islands; refuge hut built on Doumer Island; survey and geological programmes initiated at Danco Island and Detaille Island stations, and possible routes to the Antarctic Peninsula inland plateau reconnoitred; survey programmes at Hope Bay, Anvers Island, and Horseshoe Island continued. Mount Nivea (1265 m), highest peak of South Orkney Islands, climbed by Tickell and A. Grant, 11 September 1956. [John Biscoe resumed the name HMS Pretext at end of the summer, later in 1956 became HMNZS Endeavour; a new vessel, RRS John Biscoe, was the replacement; Shackleton was formerly Arendal, purchased in December 1955.]

David Geoffrey Dalgliesh (Halley Bay; Leader for summer and 1956 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Leif Jakobsen  Tottan
Advance party established an International Geophysical Year station near Halley Bay, on the Brunt Ice Shelf of Coats Land; Dalgliesh took formal possession of the region for Queen Elizabeth II, 6 January 1956; ship also visited South Georgia. During the 1956 winter construction of the station was completed and pilot scientific programme initiated.

(Britain)
Verner Duncan Carse
Third summer; topographic survey of the island continued; Kohl-Larsen Plateau, several other inland areas, and Royal Bay regions visited.

Vivian Ernest Fuchs (Leader of expedition;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Harald Maro/   Theron
Hans Christian Petersen        Magga Dan
Members from Britain, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa participated. In January and February 1956 Theron established ‘Shackleton’ base at 77∙95°S, 37∙27°W, on the Filchner Ice Shelf, and 8 men led by Kenneth Victor Blaiklock wintered for 1956; also visited South Georgia and Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands. During 1956-57 Magga Dan transported the main crossing party to ‘Shackleton’; also visited South Georgia. Theron visited the Royal Society International Geophysical Year Expedition station at Halley Bay (1955-56). Reconnaissance and survey sledge journeys were made in Coats Land; in April 1957 aircraft of a Royal Air Force detachment established ‘South Ice’ advance base, 500 km inland from ‘Shackleton’ (Blaiklock was 1957 winter leader), field party investigated Shackleton Range (see also Argentine expedition, 1955-56). Antarctica crossed by 12 men overland from ‘Shackleton’ to ‘Scott Base’ between 24 November 1957 and 2 March 1958 (3500 km in 99 days), United States South Pole station was visited, 20 to 24 January 1958; single-engined Otter aircraft, piloted by John Harding Lewis, flew across the continent from ‘South Ice’ to ‘Scott Base’ on 6 January 1958. Seismic soundings, gravity traverse, glaciology, meteorology and geology studies conducted during the crossing.

the obsolete whale-catchers Busen 6 and Busen 8, from Husvik, were scuttled off Stromness Bay.

Helvio N. Guozden (in command of summer operations)
Ariel A. Giuntini (‘Melchior’, Gamma Island)
Miguel J. Guruceaga (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Zenón Saúl Bolino (‘Decepción’, Deception Island)
Ernesto J. Sgandurra (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Rafael Walter Muriel (‘General San Martín’, Barry Island)
Nicolás Jorge Méndez (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
José M. González Silvano (‘Teniente Cámara’, Half Moon Island)
Jorge Edgard Leal (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1957 winter)
Jorge Alberto Boffi    General San Martín
José C. T. Carbone      Bahía Aguirre
Angel L. Bernasconi    Chiriguano
Eduardo H. Fraga       Sanavirón
Alberto de Marotte     Bahía Thetis
Eight existing stations relieved; 7 refuge huts temporarily occupied; new refuge hut built on Rabot Island (‘Cadete Edgardo Luis Guillochon’); hydrographic survey made of Grandidier Channel and South Sandwich Islands visited. Programmes included meteorological, auroral, glaciological, geological and other investigations. During winter personnel from Barry Island built 3 refuge huts – on Millerand Island (’17° de Agosto’), on Terra Firma Island (‘Granaderos’) and on Henkes Island (‘Paso de los Andes’), and Filchner Ice Shelf personnel built one at Moltke Nunataks (‘Salta’). During December the Argentine Vice-President, Rear-Admiral Isaac F. Rojas, visited Argentine Antarctic naval stations at Deception Island, Melchior Islands, and Half Moon Island. One man fatally injured falling from a mountain, 12 August 1957.

Harry Preston Black (Macquarie Island)
Keith Benson Mather (‘Mawson’, Mac. Robertson Land)
William Robert John Dingle (‘Davis’, Ingrid Christensen Coast)
(Officers-in-charge for summer and 1957 winter;
appointed Justices of the Peace for Tasmania or Australian Antarctic Territory)
Jeremiah Donovan and Phillip Garth Law (Voyage Leaders)
Kaj Hindberg   Kista Dan
First voyage, November to December 1956, relieved Macquarie Island station. Second voyage, December 1956 to March 1957, relieved ‘Mawson’ and established a new station ‘Davis’ in Princess Elizabeth Land, 13 January; continued coastal air reconnaissance; ship also visited Iles Kerguelen and Vincennes Bay in Wilkes Land. Field station established near Taylor Glacier, 100 km west of ‘Mawson’, relieved by air every 6 weeks. During the 1957 winter comprehensive scientific programmes for the International Geophysical Year were inaugurated at all stations and a traverse to southern Prince Charles Mountains was begun (see 1957-58).

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Sir Conolly Abel Smith HMY Britannia
HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, accompanied by the Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur, visited British stations in South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula, January 1957. Royal party transferred from Britannia to RRS John Biscoe for part of this cruise, escorted by HMS Protector. Also visited South Georgia, Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha. [This was part of a series of Royal Visits to the British Commonwealth and Empire.]

John Valentine Wilkinson       HMS Protector
Visited Hanusse Bay to collect the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey personnel stranded on Roux Island, and returned them to Detaille Island station by helicopter. Visited South Georgia; landed on Vindication Island, South Sandwich Islands, by helicopter and photographed other islands in the group from the air; helped with relief of British stations; escorted HMY Britannia during HRH Prince Philip’s Antarctic tour, January 1957. Conducted a survey of Tristan da Cunha, April.

Lee Rice (Hope Bay)
Colin Cowan Clement (Port Lockroy)
John Paisley (Deception Island)
David Emerson (Argentine Islands)
Cecil Dagwell Scotland (Signy Island)
Alan Precious (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
John Whiteside Thompson (Anvers Island)
Percy Guyver (Horseshoe Island)
Richard Arthur Foster (Danco Island)
Angus Bruce Erskine (Detaille Island)
Ronald Miller (Prospect Point)
(Leaders for summer and 1957 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
Norman Roy Brown       RRS Shackleton
Stations relieved, Duse Bay and View Point stations occupied intermittently; South Georgia whaling stations visited. In January 1957 HRH Prince Philip, the Governor (Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur), and Acting Director (Sir Raymond Priestley) joined John Biscoe for a visit to the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey stations, met HMY Britannia off Loubet Coast and Port Lockroy. New station established on Prospect Point, Graham Coast (‘Base J’); 3 refuge huts built – at Portal Point, 64∙50°S, 61∙77°W) on Danco Coast, east of Detaille Island on Loubet Coast, and on Blaiklock Island in Marguerite Bay, a field party wintered in the first of these. Shackleton (with the Governor, Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur, aboard) damaged by ice near South Orkney Islands after landing field parties on Coronation Island; assisted by HMS Protector and repaired at South Georgia. During the 1957 winter survey of Anvers Island and Coronation Island completed; sledge parties linked surveys between Detaille Island and Horseshoe Island stations, and between Hope Bay station and Portal Point refuge. All stations took part in International Geophysical Year programme. One man drowned in Admiralty Bay, 24 March 1956. [RRS John Biscoe was a new vessel, launched in June 1956, first commissioned for this summer. This year had 13 stations, the largest number of British stations wintering in the Antarctic.]

Takeharu Kumagori      Umitaka-maru (1st voyage)
First Tokyo University of Marine Science Antarctic Ocean Research Expedition; training voyage on the Southern Ocean, between 25°E and 45°E, in the vicinity of Lützow-Holmbukta, October 1956 to April 1957; biological and oceanographic observations undertaken. Accompanied and assisted Sôya, and visited South Georgia.

Sigurd Gunnarson Helle (‘Norske Stasjon’ [‘Norway Station’],
Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst; Leader for summer and 1957 winter)
John Jakobsen  Polarsirkel
Bernt A. Brandal       Polarbjørn
Norsk Polarinstitutt established ‘Norske Stasjon’ at 70∙50°S, 02∙87°W, 35 km inland on Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst, Dronning Maud Land, for the International Geophysical Year. Scientific programmes included geophysics, meteorology, geology, surveying, and glaciology. A secondary station was established on the coast. Vessels also visited South Georgia.

Robert Arthur Smart (Halley Bay; Leader for summer and 1957 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Hans Christian Petersen        Magga Dan
Leif Jakobsen  Tottan
Advance party relieved, and main scientific team installed. International Geophysical Year scientific programme included meteorology, geomagnetism, seismology, glaciology and ionospheric observations. The ships also visited South Georgia and Magga Dan carried relief party and stores for the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Flight made to Tottanfjella, Dronning Maud Land, 11 January 1957; these mountains had been observed in October 1956 during abnormal atmospheric conditions.

Verner Duncan Carse
Fourth summer; leader returned alone to complete topographic survey of the island which was initiated in 1951. [Results published in 1958 (q.v.) as a vastly improved map of the island.]

in this year 54 scientific stations were open in Antarctic regions: 15 on the peri-Antarctic islands and 39 on Antarctica. These were operated by 11 countries and participated in the observations of the International Geophysical Year (1957-58) which began on 1 July. They were: Argentine stations: ‘Melchior’ (Gamma Island, 64∙33°S, 62∙98°W), ‘Orcadas’* (Laurie Island, 60∙74°S, 44∙73°W), ‘Decepción’ (Deception Island, 62∙98°S, 60∙70°W), ‘Almirante Brown’ (Paradise Harbour, 64∙88°S, 62∙87°W), ‘General San Martín’ (Barry Island, 68∙13°S, 67∙10°W), ‘Esperanza’* (Hope Bay, 63∙39°S, 56∙99°W), ‘Teniente Cámara’ (Half Moon Island, 62∙60°S, 59∙95°W), and ‘General Belgrano’* (Filchner Ice Shelf, 77∙78°S, 38∙23°W); Australian stations: Macquarie Island* (54∙50°S, 158∙95°E), ‘Mawson’* (Mac. Robertson Land, 67∙60°S, 62∙87°E), ‘Davis’* (Ingrid Christensen Coast, 68∙57°S, 77∙97°E), and Taylor Glacier (67∙45°S, 60∙83°E); British stations: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey; ‘Base A’ (Port Lockroy, 64∙83°S, 63∙52°W), ‘Base B’ (Deception Island, 62∙98°S, 60∙57°W), ‘Base D’ (Hope Bay, 63∙40°S, 56∙98°W), ‘Base F’* (Argentine Islands, 65∙25°S, 64∙25°W), ‘Base G’ (Admiralty Bay, 62∙08°S, 58∙42°W), ‘Base H’ (Signy Island, 60∙72°S, 45∙60°W), ‘Base J’ (Prospect Point, 66∙00°S, 65∙34°W), ‘Base N’ (Anvers Island, 64∙77°S, 64∙08°W), ‘Base O’ (Danco Island, 64∙73°S, 62∙60°W), ‘Base W’ (Detaille Island, 66∙87°S, 66∙79°W), ‘Base Y’ (Horseshoe Island, 67∙81°S, 67∙30°W), and Portal Point (64∙50°S, 61∙77°W); Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service, ‘Base M’* (King Edward Point, South Georgia, 54∙28°S, 36∙50°W); Royal Society expedition; Halley Bay* (75∙52°S, 26∙75°W); Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition [Crossing Party] (Britain, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa) ‘Shackleton’, Filchner Ice Shelf (77∙95°S, 37∙27°W) and ‘South Ice’, inland Filchner Ice Shelf (81∙93°S, 29∙50°W); Chilean stations: ‘Capitán Arturo Prat’ (Greenwich Island, 62∙48°S, 59∙66°W), ‘General Bernardo O’Higgins Riquelme’ and ‘Luis Risopatrón’* (combined station, Cape Legoupil, 63∙32°S, 57∙90°W), ‘Presidente Gabriel González Videla’ (Paradise Harbour, 64∙82°S, 62∙87°W), and ‘Presidente Pedro Aguirre Cerda’ (Deception Island, 62∙93°S, 60∙60°W); French stations: la Roche Godon* (Ile Amsterdam, 37∙83°S, 77∙59°E), Port-aux-Français* (Iles Kerguelen, 49∙35°S, 70∙20°E), ‘Dumont d’Urville’* (Terre Adélie, 66∙67°S, 140∙01°E), and ‘Charcot’ (inland Terre Adélie, 69∙37°S, 139∙02°E); Japanese station: ‘Syowa’, Ongul (69∙00°S, 39∙58°E); New Zealand and Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition combined station: ‘Scott Base’* (Ross Island, 77∙85°S, 166∙76°E); New Zealand station: Campbell Island (52∙54°S, 169∙74°E); New Zealand and United States joint station: Cape Hallett (72∙42°S, 170∙27°E); Norwegian station: ‘Norske Stasjon’ [‘Norway Station’] (70∙50°S, 02∙87°W); South African stations: Marion Island* (46∙87°S, 37∙86°E) and Gough Island* (40∙32°S, 09∙85°W); Soviet Union stations: ‘Mirnyy’* (Queen Mary Land, 66∙55°S, 93∙01°E), Pionerskaya’ (inland Queen Mary Land, 69∙73°S, 95∙50°E), ‘Oazis’, Bunger Hills (66∙27°S, 101∙75°E), ‘Komsomol’skaya’ (inland Queen Mary Land, 74∙10°S, 97∙50°E), ‘Vostok-I’ (inland Queen Mary Land, 72∙15°S, 97∙60°E); United States stations: ‘Little America V’ (Kainan Bay, 78∙16°S, 162∙28°W), ‘Williams Air Operations Facility’ [‘McMurdo’]* (Ross Island, 77∙85°S, 166∙67°E), South Pole* (90°S), ‘Byrd’ (Rockefeller Plateau, 80∙00°S, 120∙00°W), ‘Wilkes’* (Windmill Islands, 66∙25°S, 110∙58°E), and ‘Ellsworth’ (Filchner Ice Shelf, 77∙72°S, 41∙12°W). [The mark * indicates the 20 of these stations open continuously until the International Polar Years of 2007-09, several had been transferred to other countries, a few reconstructed, and some names have changed; other stations became summer ones or were closed for various periods. This is the largest number of winter scientific stations open in the Antarctic.]

Alberto Patrón Laplacette (in command of summer operations)
Luis O. Ventimiglia (‘Melchior’, Gamma Island)
Alejandro José Giusti (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Oscar Montes (‘Decepción’, Deception Island)
Horacio Méndez (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Gustavo Adolfo Giró Tapper (‘General San Martín’, Barry Island)
Alberto P. Giovannini (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Raúl O. Billinghurst (‘Teniente Cámara’, Half Moon Island)
Jorge A. de Marzi (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1958 winter)
Luis R. A. Capurro     General San Martín
Luis C. Fernández       Bahía Aguirre
Atilio A. Barbadori    Chiriguano
All existing stations relieved; refuge built south-east of Cape Jeremy (‘Nogal de Saldán’), South Sandwich Islands visited. Scientific work conducted included biology, geology, meteorology, geomagnetics, gravimetry, and an all-sky camera was installed at ‘Belgrano’ station for auroral observations. Helicopter and crew of 3 lost, 26 February 1958, and another man died, 18 May.

Adrian Rothwell Lane Butler    HMS Protector
Assisted Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ships and personnel in triangulation of South Shetland Islands, by landing survey parties on Greenwich Island, Robert Island, and Livingston Island; took air photographs from helicopters of coast of South Georgia, November 1957, and in French Passage, March 1958; made hydrographic surveys of Stromness Bay and Cumberland Bay, South Georgia.

James Muir Smith (Port Lockroy)
Donald McCalman (Hope Bay)
John Edward Dagless (Deception Island)
Joseph Charles Farman (Argentine Islands)
Peter Anthony Richards (Signy Island)
David Robin Kimber Stephens (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
Peter McCausland Gibbs (Stonington Island)
John Paisley (Horseshoe Island)
George Duncan Boston (Danco Island)
Brian Leonard Hobson Foote (Detaille Island)
George Kennedy McLeod (Prospect Point)
(Leaders for summer and 1958 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
Norman Roy Brown       RRS Shackleton
Leif Jakobsen  Tottan
Stonington Island station reopened, March 1958. International Geophysical Year programmes continued. Survey made of Livingston Island and Greenwich Island (South Shetland Islands). Glaciological studies continued on South Georgia. Geological investigation made of Powell Island and adjacent islands. Specimens for palaeomagnetic examination taken from 60 localities. Party of 3 from Horseshoe Island, lost crossing sea-ice, 27 May.

Sigurd Gunnarson Helle (‘Norske Stasjon’ [‘Norway Station’],
Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst; Leader for summer and 1958 winter)
Leif Jakobsen  Tottan
Norsk Polarinstitutt station relieved; International Geophysical Year and other programmes continued. Summer party operated in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella. Tottan also visited South Georgia and relieved Halley Bay station.

Aleksey Nikolayevich Solyanik  Slava 15
Whale-catcher used to visit South Sandwich Islands in January and December, landings made on Zavodovski Island, 16 December 1957, and Montagu Island, 20 January 1958.

John W. Matthew appointed Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 4 April 1957. He held the post until 25 June 1959. He introduced Upland Geese, Chloephaga picta, from Falkland Islands, February 1958, but they failed to survive.

published Derrotero Argentino; Antártida y Archipelagos Subantarticos Argentinos giving navigation and other information about ‘Antártida Argentina’, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands.

British Directorate of Overseas Surveys published a 1 : 200 000 map of the island (DOS 610), showing inland topographic detail resulting from the 4 summers’ field work of the South Georgia Surveys, 1951-57, led by Verner Duncan Carse. [Revised edition published in 2005.]

Henry Kohler (?)       Vema (United States)
Ricardo Moreno Kiernan Sanavirón (Argentina)
Operated jointly between January and March in the Scotia Sea and near South Sandwich Islands as part of the International Geophysical Year programme.

Adolfo A. R. Schultze (in command of summer operations)
Carlos Beis (‘Melchior’, Gamma Island)
Emilio Filipich (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Rodolfo C. Castorina (‘Decepción’, Deception Island)
Luis Rodríguez Varela (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Gustavo Adolfo Giró Tapper (‘General San Martín’, Barry Island)
Ignacio Carro (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Ernesto D. Mignone (‘Teniente Cámara’, Half Moon Island)
Pedro Pascual Pancracio Arcondo (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
Jorge H. Suárez (‘Ellsworth’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1959 winter)
Jorge H. E. Pernice    General San Martín
Tomás A. Suárez del Cerro        Bahía Aguirre
Carlos Mayer   Chiriguano
Gerado Zaratiegui      Guarani
All existing stations relieved; ‘Ellsworth’ International Geophysical Year station transferred to Argentina by the United States, 3 February 1959; new refuge (‘Virgen de las Nieves’) built south of ‘Belgrano’; major fire damaged Barry Island station, 2 February 1959; Hope Bay station personnel built 4 refuge huts at Larsen Nunatak (‘San Antonio’), Cape Sobral (‘Guaraní’) and James Ross Island (‘San Carlos’ and ‘San Juan’). Activities included biology, geology, oceanography, and aerial photographic survey of Snow Hill Island, Cape Sobral, and Robertson Island. Guarani foundered off Isla de los Estados with loss of 38 lives, 15 October 1958, during an attempted medical evacuation; one man lost from ‘Ellsworth’, 9 July 1959.

Henry Alan David Cameron (Port Lockroy)
Peter John Hodkinson (Deception Island)
Keith Roland Bell (Argentine Islands)
James Walter Stammers (Signy Island)
Michael John Stansbury (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
Donald McCalman (Hope Bay)
Robin M. Perry (Horseshoe Island)
George Ronald Lush (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1959 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
John Fulford Blackburn RRS Shackleton
Leif Jakobsen  Tottan
All stations relieved during an exceptionally bad sea-ice year; Royal Society’s station at Halley Bay transferred to Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, midnight 13 January 1959 (becoming ‘Base Z’); Danco Island, Detaille Island, and Prospect Point stations closed. USS Glacier assisted RRS John Biscoe reaching stations on Horseshoe Island and Stonington Island (latter evacuated for the winter owing to difficulty of supply). USCGC Northwind assisted with relief of stations at the Argentine Islands and Port Lockroy. International Geophysical Year observations continued until the end of 1958. Field work undertaken on South Shetland Islands and adjacent mainland.

William Lancelot Noyes Tickell
Arrived on South Georgia 24 September; 2 men conducted ornithological and other research at Elsehul to 24 November; thence landed on Bird Island, where, after the beginning of a Fur Seal study and deployment of a field hut with the Government Sealing Inspector (William Nigel Bonner), the study continued to 6 March; plane-table survey made of Bird Island. Transport provided by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and whaling companies.

the obsolete whale-catcher Busen 10, from Husvik, was scuttled off Stromness Bay.

David Noel Forbes      HMS Protector
Visited the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands to provide logistic assistance for Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey; participated in tellurometer survey in Bransfield Strait, but programme restricted by limited time and bad weather; air photographic reconnaissance made of the north coast of South Georgia and Willis Islands with helicopters; visited South Sandwich Islands (discovered a colony of Fur Seals).

John Crabbe Cunningham (Port Lockroy)
Ian Thomas Jackson (Deception Island)
Neil Wallace Morison Orr (Hope Bay)
Eric Christopher John Clapp (Argentine Islands)
Robert Bernard Harrison (Signy Island)
Michael Dennis Kershaw (Admiralty Bay, King George Island)
Peter Derek Forster (Horseshoe Island)
Norman Alexander Hedderley (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1960 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Kaj Hindberg   Kista Dan
Kista Dan chartered to assist John Biscoe to relieve stations; gravity and magnetic surveys along the Scotia Ridge and north-west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula undertaken from Shackleton which also visited Marion Island, Gough Island, and Tristan da Cunha, to relieve South African stations. Severe ice prevented ship relief of Horseshoe Island (even with assistance from USS Glacier), relief made by aircraft from Deception Island; parties intending to winter on Stonington Island and to open a station on Adelaide Island redeployed to Winter Island and Deception Island. Additional ground control data obtained for 1955 to 1957 aerial surveys and tellurometer links between the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands extended. Detailed geological mapping undertaken of the Argentine Islands, James Ross Island region, and Marguerite Bay. Sea-ice dynamics investigated in the Weddell Sea. Royal naval party, led by J. C. Grattan, worked with officers of RRS Shackleton, making extensive surveys in Gerlache Strait and the northern approaches, around South Georgia, and off the South Shetland Islands. Two men died on King George Island, April and July 1959.

?      Träl
Visited South Georgia and the Scotia Sea.

Dennis Joseph Coleman appointed Magistrate, resident at King Edward Point, by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, 26 June 1959. He held the post until 13 November 1969, when the islands administration was taken over by the British Antarctic Survey (1969, q.v.). He introduced Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) to Gull Lake in 1964; they failed to survive.

Geoffrey Penrose Dickinson Hall        HMS Owen
Visited Tristan da Cunha. Conducted hydrographic surveys at South Georgia for 2 months (launch Fantome foundered in Bird Sound). An advance party, under J. B. Dixon, was taken to the island by HMS Protector to establish ground control. Visited Gough Island, February 1961, R. S. McKinnon collected plants.

David Noel Forbes      HMS Protector
Visited South Georgia and all British stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, and South Orkney Islands to provide logistic assistance; worked with the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ships and personnel in mapping of Joinville Island group. Unusually favourable ice conditions allowed penetration southwards to Marguerite Bay.

Vivian North Stevenson
Royal Naval party of 16 men climbed in the Allardyce Range, South Georgia; 2 reached the summit of the west peak of Mount Paget (2915 m, 19 m lower than the east peak), December. Expedition transported by HMS Protector.

John Brian Nixon (Port Lockroy)
John Basil Killingbeck (Deception Island)
Ian Leonard Fothergill (Hope Bay)
John Crabbe Cunningham (Stonington Island)
Robert Samuel Matthew Harkness (Argentine Islands)
Russell D. Thompson (Signy Island)
Frank Preston (Adelaide Island)
Colin Johnson (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1961 winter;
appointed Magistrate by Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
John P. Smith (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for summer and 1961 winter)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Kaj Hindberg   Kista Dan
Admiralty Bay station closed, January 1961; stations established at Fossil Bluff (‘Base KG’) and southern Adelaide Island (‘Base T’); Horseshoe Island station closed in August 1960 when Stonington Island station reopened. Marine geophysical investigation of the Scotia Ridge conducted, in cooperation with University of Birmingham, aboard Shackleton (the gravity measurements were linked to the international network); ship also visited South Sandwich Islands, landed on Zavodovski Island, Candlemas Island, Saunders Island, Vindication Island, Visokoi Island, and Leskov Island. Detailed geological survey of James Ross Island group and adjacent coast conducted. Fur Seal survey conducted made on Bird Island and of the flora generally on South Georgia made. Beaver aircraft lost through ice at the Argentine Islands, September 1960; replaced by a second Otter (both aircraft wintered in the open on Deception Island). Shackleton also called at Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha. One man died at Signy Island, 13 February 1961.

Verner Duncan Carse (Britain) lived alone ‘as a personal psychological experiment’ at Undine South Harbour, 23 February to 13 September. His hut was destroyed by a surge wave, 20 May, and he was rescued aboard Petrel (Ole Hauge). [This was conceived as a proposed ‘Allardyce-Salvesen Expedition’ along the island’s mountain chain.]

the obsolete whale-catchers Southern Spray and Southern Chief, from Leith, were scuttled off Stromness Bay, February.

Bird Island expedition
William Lancelot Noyes Tickell
Continued work of South Georgia Biological Expedition on Bird Island, South Georgia, January to April. Transported aboard Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and British naval vessels.

Robert Henry Graham    HMS Protector
Visited all British Antarctic stations, giving logistic assistance to summer topographic survey and biological work in South Shetland Islands; seismic surveys of sea floor conducted (in conjunction with RRS Shackleton); detailed examination made of South Sandwich Islands (scientific leader Martin Wyatt Holdgate), with air photography and landings on Southern Thule, Bellingshausen Island, Saunders Island, Candlemas Island and Vindication Island; biological and geological collections made, floating pumice detected north of the islands (see 1962-63 expedition); extensive soundings and other hydrographic work conducted throughout voyage. Climbing team ascended Mount Liotard (2418 m), Adelaide Island, 23 February 1962.

Eric James Chinn (Deception Island)
Ian Leonard Fothergill (Hope Bay)
John Crabbe Cunningham (Stonington Island)
Edward William Grimshaw (Argentine Islands)
Peter John Tilbrook (Signy Island)
Graham James Alexander Dewar (Adelaide Island)
Geoffrey Michael Jarman (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1962 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
James Shirtcliffe (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for summer and 1961 winter)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Leif A. Petersen       Kista Dan
All stations relieved (Fossil Bluff and Stonington Island by air); an aircraft hangar was constructed on Deception Island. Geological surveys continued on Nordenskjöld Coast, James Ross Island and Alexander Island. A dog sledge party established a route to Tottanfjella (Dronning Maud Land) from Halley Bay (400 km) and reconnoitred the area for future work. Ionospheric observatory transferred to Argentine Islands station from Port Lockroy, which was closed in January 1962. Landing made on Clerke Rocks, 6 December 1961; inflatable craft from Shackleton transported scientists, who made geological and biological collections. Geophysical examination of Scotia Ridge from Shackleton continued, seismic shooting conducted in eastern Bransfield Strait. Gravity readings from 1960-61 repeated and extended to Fossil Bluff. New biological programmes began on Signy Island; hut built at Shingle Cove, Coronation Island. [On 1 January 1962 the organization was renamed the British Antarctic Survey.]

Takeharu Kumagori (Scientific Leader)
Keijirô Ozawa    Umitaka-maru (2nd voyage)
Tokyo University of Marine Science Antarctic Ocean Research Expedition; conducted oceanographic, meteorological, iceberg and biological observations on the Southern Ocean between 30°W and 110°E; investigated potential fisheries around South Georgia.

John Nagel (Marion Island [19], from April 1962)
Pieter Albertus le Roux (Gough Island [7], from April 1962)
Martin Johannes Du Preez (‘Norske Stasjon’ [‘Norway Station’, SANAE 3],
Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst, from January 1962)
(Leaders for summer and 1962 winter)
Kenneth Thomas McNish  R.S.A.
Continuous ionospheric measurements began at ‘Norske Stasjon’. On 8 March 1962 R.S.A. was beset by ice, about 20 March shock waves, believed to have come from a volcanic eruption in South Sandwich Islands, broke the ice and vessel got free on 23 March (the submerged volcanic cone at the north-western end of South Sandwich Islands was known to be active at this time). Medical evacuation made from Gough Island aboard Kaminji-maru, January 1963. R.S.A., a newly constructed vessel for Antarctic voyages, served until 1978.

eruptions occurred at the submarine volcano to the north of these islands and on Zavodovski Island, March and April.

following the Antarctic Treaty Order in Council, 26 February, the British Antarctic Territory was constituted as a new colony, comprising that part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies south of latitude 60°S; and the office of High Commissioner of the Territory was established. Royal Letters Patent of 2 April, provided for South Georgia (with Shag Rocks and Clerke Rocks) and South Sandwich Islands to remain Dependencies of the Falkland Islands (see also 1985).

, Bird Island expedition
Harold Dollman
Continued investigations, begun in 1958, on Bird Island, South Georgia; transported by British Antarctic Survey vessels.

Crown Agents constructed a large hospital and residential building, ‘Shackleton House’, for the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government, at the administrative station on King Edward Point [demolished in 2002]. The building supervisor, Arthur Watt, died and was buried at the Grytviken cemetery.

Brendan Lynch (Deception Island)
Noel Yorston Downham (Hope Bay)
Jonathan James Ossory Clennel (Stonington Island)
Eric James Chinn (Argentine Islands)
Peter John Tilbrook (Signy Island)
R. H. Leckie (Adelaide Island)
Maurice Reginald Sumner (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1962 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Leif A. Petersen       Kista Dan
Fossil Bluff and View Point stations open for summer. Geophysical investigations, with University of Birmingham, continued from Shackleton. Traverse made from Halley Bay to Tottanfjella included radar-echo sounding of the ice with Scott Polar Research Institute equipment. Marine biological programme used the first aqualung equipment in Antarctica off Signy Island. Antarctic Treaty inspection of several stations conducted. One man, from ‘Halley’ lost on sea-ice, 15 August 1963.

Robert Henry Graham    HMS Protector
Hydrographic survey team, led by J. B. Dixon, in cooperation with British Antarctic Survey, charted the approaches to Adelaide Island; hydrographic work at South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands (investigated erupting crater 25 m below surface 35 km north of the group), Signy Island, Hope Bay, Robert Island and Argentine Islands also undertaken; surveyed Beauchêne Island. The Governor of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and High Commissioner of British Antarctic Territory (Sir Edwin Porter Arrowsmith) accompanied several voyages.

David Merrill Tyree (to 26 November 1962) and James R. Reedy (from 26 November 1962)
(Antarctic Projects Officers and Commanders of Antarctic Naval Support Force)
Robert Marvel (‘McMurdo’, Ross Island; Senior Naval Officer, 1963 winter)
Raymond S. Briggs (‘McMurdo’, Ross Island)
Charles L. Roberts (‘Amundsen-Scott’, South Pole)
Henry M. Morozumi (‘Byrd’, Rockefeller Plateau)
(Scientific Leaders for 1963 winter)
E. G. Grant    USS Glacier
E. A. Davidson USS Edisto
B. R. Henry    USCGC Eastwind
John J. Metschel       USS Staten Island
Sven Rydberg   USS Eltanin
Peter A. Gentile       USNS Chattahoochee
B. Senia       USNS Mirfak
E. Rifenburgh  USS Arneb
R. H. McSweeney        USS Tombigbee
C. E. Driscall USNS Private Joseph F. Merrell
Tellurometer survey of eastern Ross Sea region continued from Beardmore Glacier to Horlick Mountains, and from Cape Hallett to north Victoria Land; runway built on floating ice 12 m thick used at ‘McMurdo’; ‘Little Rockford’, ‘Sky-Hi’ and ‘Beardmore Glacier’ stations open for the summer. Three men of Scott’s 1910-13 expedition were guests of the expedition and visited the huts on Ross Island. Eltanin visited South Georgia calling at King Edward Point, April 1963, a later visit landed a scientific party on Bird Island, 24 August 1963 [this was the beginning of a decade of oceanographic survey from this vessel after which she was sold to Argentina and continued the work renamed Island Orcadas].

William Lancelot Noyes Tickell
With logistic assistance from British Antarctic Survey and financed by United States National Science Foundation, continued biological studies on Bird Island, South Georgia, where a station was built and research continued through the 1963 winter.

the obsolete whale-catchers Southern Star and Stora, from Leith, were scuttled off Stromness Bay, January.

Robert O. Nunn (Macquarie Island)
Peter J. Martin (‘Mawson’, Mac. Robertson Land)
Norman Edward Trott (‘Davis’, Princess Elizabeth Land)
Raymond Arthur O’Leary (‘Wilkes’, Windmill Islands)
(Officers-in-charge for summer and 1964 winter;
appointed Justices of the Peace for Tasmania or Australian Antarctic Territory)
Donald Franklin Styles (Voyage Leader)
Hans Christian Petersen        Nella Dan
Aerial photography undertaken of coasts of Australian Antarctic Territory; biological surveys made at all stations; land traverses made from Amery Ice Shelf to Lambert Glacier and from ‘Wilkes’ southwards for 1100 km. Ionospheric investigations conducted on Macquarie Island with a series of radio-sonde balloons.

Leonard Usher Mole (Deception Island)
Noel Yorston Downham (Stonington Island)
Roderick William McLean Corner (Argentine Islands)
Andrew David Bailey (Signy Island)
John Crabbe Cunningham (Adelaide Island)
Dudley Robert Jehan (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1964 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Leif A. Petersen       Kista Dan
Hope Bay station closed, February 1964 (occasionally opened during subsequent summers); new fibre-glass building constructed on Signy Island. Shackleton continued geophysical investigations of the Scotia Ridge. Reconnaissance survey made of Tottanfjella from Halley Bay station with a Norsk Polarinstitutt representative. All stations participated in the programmes of the International Years of the Quiet Sun.

Martin Spencer Ollivant        HMS Protector
Visited Falkland Islands. South Sandwich Islands Survey team, led by Martin Wyatt Holdgate, travelled aboard; detailed scientific examination made and the archipelago was surveyed, 5 to 26 March 1964. Holdgate, who was based on the ship, examined all islands except Zavodovski Island and Candlemas Island; second team, led by Peter John Tilbrook, worked on Candlemas Island for 16 days. Tellurometer survey conducted by Cecil John Copner Wynne-Edwards, landings made on and air photographs taken of all islands for a comprehensive mapping and geological investigation; a series of detailed reports and charts were published. Separate hydrographic party, led by J. B. Dixon, worked on Bismarck Strait, Gerlache Strait, and Greenwich Island.

modern sealing industry finished. From its beginning, in 1909, 260 950 seals (almost all Elephant Seals) had been caught for oil.

a particularly severe snow storm in September sank 7 Christian Salvesen and Company (Britain) whale-catchers moored for winter at Leith Harbour: Bouvet I, Sabra, Solvra, Sondra, Sorsa, Southern Peter, and Southern Paul.

Christopher David Walter (Deception Island)
Michael John Cousins (Stonington Island)
Raymond John Tidey (Argentine Islands)
Michael James Northover (Signy Island)
Leonard Usher Mole (Adelaide Island)
John Philip Douglas Cotton (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1965 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
William Johnston and
Thomas Woodfield       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Leif A. Petersen       Kista Dan
Fossil Bluff station open for summer. All stations participated in the International Years of the Quiet Sun programmes; field station ‘Coats’ established at 77∙90°S, 24∙13°W (280 km south of Halley Bay). Topographic, geophysical, and geological surveys of Alexander Island, Foyn Coast, and Bowman Coast progressed. Mount Jackson (3184 m), highest peak on the Antarctic Peninsula, climbed by team led by John Crabbe Cunningham, 23 November 1964. Work in Dronning Maud Land continued; tellurometer survey of Tottanfjella completed and extended into Milorgfjella; geologists mapped Tottanfjella and Sivorgfjella, and worked throughout Heimefrontfjella. Shackleton with HMS Protector continued seismic survey of Bransfield Strait. Tractor party of 3 died in a crevasse on a traverse from ‘Halley’, 12 October 1965.

Martin Spencer Ollivant        HMS Protector
Visited Falkland Islands (including Beauchêne Island) and South Georgia (where the Joint Services Expedition was landed). Surveyed several parts of South Orkney Islands, Argentine Islands, and Hugo Island.

Malcolm Keith Burley
Mountaineering and surveying expedition, 14 November 1964 to 5 March 1965; climbed Mount Paget (2934 m, the highest peak), 30 December 1964, and Mount Sugartop (2323 m), crossed Allardyce Range, retraced Sir Ernest Shackleton’s trek (1914-16, q.v.), mapped Royal Bay (1 : 25 000 map published, 1966) and conducted geological, glaciological and biological investigations. Transported aboard HMS Protector.

Christopher David Walter (Deception Island)
Terrence Henry Tallis (Stonington Island)
David Lewis Hughes (Argentine Islands)
John Rowland Brotherhood (Signy Island)
George Montague Green (Adelaide Island)
Paul Ian Whiteman (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1966 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
Thomas Woodfield       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Anders Jacobsen        Kista Dan
Fossil Bluff station open for summer. Geological and topographic survey made of part of South Georgia. Dronning Maud Land work completed, observations from Heimefrontfjella linked to surveys of the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949-52). Party of 2, from Stonington Island, died of exposure, June 1966. ‘Hi-Fix’ satellite survey made the approaches to South Orkney Islands, Stonington Island, and Marguerite Bay. Geophysical investigation of the Scotia Ridge continued.

Frederick E. Bakutis (Commander; Naval Support Force, Antarctica)
Justin L. Ballou (‘McMurdo’, Ross Island; Senior Naval Officer, 1966 winter)
C. Raymond Johnstons (‘McMurdo’, Ross Island)
Richard F. Przywitowski (‘Amundsen-Scott’, South Pole)
Ronald F. Sefton (‘Byrd’, Rockefeller Plateau)
Arthur S. Rundle (‘Palmer’, Anvers Island)
Robert B. Flint (‘Plateau’, Dronning Maud Land)
(Scientific Leaders for 1966 winter)
R. P. Faughman USS Glacier
G. L. Gott     USS Burton Island
J. S. Blake    USS Atka
William Michael Benkert        USCGC Eastwind
William C. Earl        USS Calcaterra
R. W. Coulter  USS Alatna
R. A. Wilson   USNS Private Frank J. Petrarca
Allen W. Webb  USNS Private John R. Towle
Clifford D. Henry      USS Wyandot
Lawrence G. Wirth      USS Eltanin
New inland station ‘Plateau’ established by air at 79∙25°S, 40∙50°E (3624 m elevation); traverse, led by E. Picciotto, travelled 1336 km from Pole of Inaccessibility to ‘Plateau’; Cape Hallett and ‘Little Jena’ (Ross Ice Shelf) stations operated during summer; ‘Eights’ station closed, 15 November 1965. Oceanographic research in the Scotia Sea region conducted from Eltanin; visited South Georgia, and Zavodovski Island and Southern Thule in South Sandwich Islands. VLF sub-station with a 21 km longwire antenna built in Marie Byrd Land. Naval Dakota aircraft crashed east of Roosevelt Island, February 1966, all 6 men aboard died; another man died in an accident at the South Pole, also February. Japanese party of 4, led by Tetsuya Torii, accompanied the expedition to continue work on the Dry Valleys Drilling Project.

the land-based whaling industry finished; sealers Albatros, Dias, and Petrel were abandoned at their Grytviken moorings (first two sank during a severe blizzard, winter 1974). From its beginning, in 1904, 175 250 whales had been caught by shore stations and floating factories based on the island. Ragnor Thorsen, a caretaker, remained at Grytviken until 15 April 1971.

Phillip Geoffrey Hubert Myers (Deception Island)
Ailstair Hugh McArthur (Stonington Island)
Brian Swift (Argentine Islands)
Edward Richard Hillier (Signy Island)
Alec Bottomley (Adelaide Island)
Eric James Chinn (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Leaders for summer and 1967 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
Thomas Woodfield       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Anders Jacobsen        Perla Dan
Fossil Bluff station open for summer; new station constructed at Halley Bay. Magnetic and bathymetric survey of South Orkney Islands, Scotia Sea, and Bransfield Strait made from Shackleton in the eighth summer of the geophysical survey of the Scotia Ridge; the vessel sustained ice damage near South Orkney Islands. First air-borne radio-echo sounding of Antarctic ice conducted with Scott Polar Research Institute equipment. Reconnaissance from Halley Bay made of Theron Mountains (400 km south), stratigraphy and palaeomagnetism studied. HMS Puma called at South Georgia, October 1966.

Sefton Ronald Sandford HMS Protector
Cape Kater survey completed, closing the last major gap in the triangulation of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. An independent survey team, based on Robert Island, completed the survey of English Strait. Assistance provided to RRS Shackleton in seismic investigation near South Orkney Islands. At South Georgia visited and repaired Bird Island field station; made aerial reconnaissance of reindeer, seals, and penguins around the island. Recording seismograph recovered from Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands.

Harold William Tilman  Mischief
Visited South Shetland Islands and South Georgia.

Yukiyasu Sasaki
Keijirô Ozawa    Umitaka-maru (4th voyage)
Tokyo University of Marine Science, Antarctic Ocean Research Expedition, worked in the region from 105°E to 175°W on the Southern Ocean; visited South Shetland Islands, South Georgia and Iles Kerguelen; investigating krill catching.

Alistair Hugh McArthur (Stonington Island)
John Richard Dudeney (Argentine Islands)
Douglas William Brown (Signy Island)
David Stirling Parnell (Adelaide Island)
Christopher Charles Robert Sykes (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1968 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
Roderic Bentley Ledingham (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for summer and 1968 winter)
Thomas Woodfield       RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Anders Jacobsen        Perla Dan
Field station at Fossil Bluff open throughout the year; Deception Island station evacuated after major volcanic eruptions, 4 and 7 December 1967; personnel taken aboard the Chilean vessel Piloto Pardo by helicopter; 2 volcanic vents and a new island were later examined. Teleprinter communications installed at Halley Bay and Argentine Islands. Shackleton continued geophysical investigations with assistance from HMS Protector. Traverse to the Shackleton Range made from Halley Bay but 720 km journey left little time for reconnaissance. United States LC-130 aircraft made a medical evacuation from Halley Bay to New Zealand, December 1967, and the Argentine naval icebreaker General San Martín (Aldo de Rosso) made another from the Argentine Islands station, 19 August 1968. [From 1967-68 the designation ‘Base Leader’ was changed to ‘Base Commander’, although the post remained civilian.]

Stanley Wilson Greene
Five botanists from the University of Birmingham, sponsored jointly by the Royal Society and British Antarctic Survey, spent summer in South Georgia, in continuation of the International Biological Programme’s Bi-Polar Botanical Project, which also worked in Greenland.

Peter Alexander Bence-Trower   HMS Protector
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and South Orkney Islands where surveyed the coasts of south and west sides of Signy Island. Also assisted RRS Shackleton in a seismic survey of the Scotia Sea.

G. C. Nott-Bowers (in charge of operations [Britain])
John H. King   FS216
Members of British BC-4 Geodetic Satellite Survey Section and a United States technician were resident at King Edward Point, South Georgia, conducting observations for the survey, December 1967 to October 1969.

Knut B. Hansen Run
While whaling off Africa visited South Georgia; took 5 Elephant Seals for experimental purposes under licence from the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government. Visited several of the closed whaling stations. [The crew was Norwegian, the Bahamanian registration was one of convenience.]

Christian Salvesen and Company (Britain) whale-catcher, Southern Foster, moored at Leith Harbour, broke adrift and was driven ashore at Jason Island becoming a total loss.

Shaun Michael Norman (Stonington Island)
David Frederick Salter (Argentine Islands)
Vaughan William Spaull (Signy Island)
Ian Macdonald Willey (Adelaide Island)
Peter David Clarkson (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1969 winter;
appointed Magistrate by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Ian Andrew Sykes (Horseshoe Island)
Andrew Chester Wager (Fossil Bluff; Alexander Island)
(Officers-in-charge for summer and 1969 winter)
Daniel Borland (King Edward Point, South Georgia;
Falkland Islands and Dependencies Meteorological Service)
Thomas Woodfield and
Maurice John Cole      RRS John Biscoe
David Harrison Turnbull        RRS Shackleton
Anders Jacobsen        Perla Dan
by a party from Stonington Island. Deception Island station reopened, volcanological and hydrographic surveys of the island made and the landing ground re-established, January 1969; seismic activity intensified and the station was evacuated (again by Piloto Pardo [Chile]) as further eruptions occurred in February, which damaged several buildings. A reconnaissance was made of the eruption in March. Topographic and geological mapping began in Shackleton Range from Halley Bay with transport provided by bulldozers and United States LC-130 aircraft. Shackleton completed about 14 000 km of parallel magnetic and bathymetric profiles of the Scotia Ridge (10th summer of this operation). Summer party reconstructed buildings at King Edward Point, South Georgia, to enlarge the research facilities.

Peter William Buchanan HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula; investigated Deception Island after volcanic eruption. Conducted hydrographic surveys of Potter Cove, Argentine Islands, and Biscoe Islands; trigonometrical station established on Hugo Island. [Endurance, formerly Anita Dan, replaced HMS Protector (1955-67) as guard ship for the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, and British Antarctic Territory; visits made to these regions annually until 1991 when replaced with another vessel bearing the same name.]

following cessation of whaling from the island’s shore stations (1966, q.v.), the Falkland Islands Dependencies administrator was withdrawn from the island and administrative responsibilities transferred to the Base Commander of the British Antarctic Survey research station established at the settlement of King Edward Point, 13 November. The Base Commanders were appointed Magistrate by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government (see also 1982).

Anthony Norman Bushell (Stonington Island)
Allan Richard Woods (Argentine Islands)
Eric Laird Twelves (Signy Island)
Richard Stephen Hesbrook (Adelaide Island)
Charles Allen Clayton (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Eric James Chinn (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1970 winter; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
George William Field Kistruck (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for 1970 winter)
Maurice John Cole      RRS John Biscoe
J. Gredsted    Perla Dan
Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies and High Commissioner of British Antarctic Territory (Sir Cosmo Dugal Patrick Thomas Haskard) visited South Georgia and South Orkney Islands aboard John Biscoe. Anvers Island station open for summer as an air facility. New scientific station opened at the King Edward Point administrative settlement, South Georgia; continued meteorological observations, and began biological and ionospheric research. Geological investigation of Shackleton Range continued; glaciological examination of Alexander Island began and geophysical surveys extended to south-western end of George VI Sound. Radio-echo sounding of the ice of the Antarctic Peninsula, started in 1966-67, resumed with a total of 10 000 km of flight lines. Single-engine aircraft (De Havilland Turbo Beaver) flew to and from Canada to Anvers Island for field operations.

Peter William Buchanan HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia and South Shetland Islands; continued volcanological investigation of Deception Island; magnetic, gravity, and bathymetric survey made in eastern Scotia Sea using satellite navigation. Hydrographic surveys conducted off Signy Island, Wilhelm Archipelago, and Falkland Islands.

Lars-Eric Lindblad (voyage leader)
Ludwig Gjesdal Lindblad Explorer
José Almejeiras Barrére  Río Tunuyán
First was the start of a regular series of cruises by this 92 berth Norwegian registered vessel chartered by Lindblad Travel, New York; visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia, Gough Island, and Tristan da Cunha during 3 cruises 24 January to 20 March; Robert Cushman Murphy was aboard and visited South Georgia where he had previously been in 1912-13 (q.v.). Second, from Argentina, made 2 cruises to the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands, January and February. [Lindblad Explorer was the first ship specifically designed for Antarctic tourist cruises.]

of Iowa State University, United States, investigated ecological relationships of waterfowl in Falkland Islands and South Georgia, October 1970 to January 1971.

Phillip Wainwright (Stonington Island)
Neil James Macpherson (Argentine Islands)
Jeremy James Light (Signy Island)
Richard Charlton Scoffom (Adelaide Island)
Mark Vallance, (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Brian Jones (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1971 winter; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Richard Simon Walker (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for summer and 1971 winter)
Maurice John Cole      RRS John Biscoe
Thomas Woodfield       RRS Bransfield
Anvers Island station open for summer. Cape Geddes (Laurie Island), ‘Shackleton’ (Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition), and some South Georgia whaling stations inspected. Geological survey of the Shackleton Range continued, partly in association with United States Antarctic Research Program. Further volcanological studies made of Deception Island; great changes found after the 1970 eruption. Snow chemistry studies began. Marine biological studies made from John Biscoe around South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, and the Elephant Island group. Study of South Georgia Reindeer and Bird Island Fur Seals began. Seven Soviet Union trawlers visited King Edward Point, South Georgia, owing to greatly increased fishing operations in the region. Argentine Air Force made a winter medical evacuation from Fossil Bluff, September 1971.

Ivan Grigor’yevich Petrov (‘Molodezhnaya’, Enderby Land; in command of the expedition)
Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Rogachev (‘Mirnyy’, Queen Mary Land)
Vladimir L’vovich Ovsyannikov (‘Vostok’, South Geomagnetic Pole)
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Spichkin (‘Novolazarevskaya’, Schirmacheroasen)
Boris Mikhaylovich Belyayev (‘Bellingsgausen’, King George Island)
Arnol’d Bogdanovich Budretskiy (‘Leningradskaya’, Oates Land)
(Leaders for summer and 1971 winter)
Eduard Iosifovich Kupri        Ob’
Emmanuil Nikolayevich Troitskiy        Professor Vize
Oktavian Vitol’dovich Andrzheyevskiy   Professor Zubov
Yuriy P. Mochalov      Bobruyskles
V. V. Sinel’nikov      El’brus
?      Akademik Knipovich
‘Leningradskaya’ open for winter. Headquarters of Soviet Union’s expeditions moved from ‘Mirnyy’ to ‘Molodezhnaya’. Winter fisheries and krill catching survey of the Scotia Sea began from Akademik Knipovich which visited South Georgia.

Gérard Janichon and Jérôme Poncet  Damien
After an Arctic cruise visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia (March 1971), Iles Kerguelen, Iles Crozet, Heard Island (January 1972), and Macquarie Island; continued to Tasmania.

Michael Raymond Pawley (Stonington Island)
Anthony Keeley (Argentine Islands)
Michael George Richardson (Signy Island)
Frank Edward Lines (Adelaide Island)
Andrew James Smith (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Jeremy Robin Biscoe Tallowin (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1972 winter; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Martin Robert Pearson (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for summer and 1972 winter)
Maurice John Cole      RRS John Biscoe
Thomas Woodfield       RRS Bransfield
Station at Arthur Harbour (‘Base N’) open for summer but destroyed by fire, 28 December 1971; field station on Bird Island, South Georgia, open for summer; field huts built at Hodges Glacier (South Georgia) and Spartan Glacier (Alexander Island) for International Hydrological Programme research. Governor and High Commissioner, Ernest Gordon Lewis, inspected stations on the Antarctic Peninsula from Bransfield. Geomagnetic observatory established at King Edward Point. South Orkneys Benthic Survey began of marine organisms in the region. Netherlands film party, led by Rolf Orthel, landed at Ample Bay, Bay of Isles, South Georgia. Seismic and geophysical survey in Drake Passage conducted from Shackleton. [In 1972 the Survey had its largest number of wintering men, 101 on 6 bases.]

George F. Selby-Smith  RRS Shackleton
Natural Environment Research Council expedition continued the geophysical study of the Scotia Ridge, which included seismic refraction studies in cooperation with HMS Endurance. Reconnaissance of South Georgia continental shelf and Drake Passage regions made. Biological and chemical projects included sampling of air and water for fluorocarbons.

Ian Rodney Bowden      HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula. Assisted British Antarctic Survey with research for the International Hydrological Programme at South Georgia. Undertook a running survey of Adelaide Island and hydrographic survey of Marguerite Bay.

Yevgeniy Sergeyevich Korotkevich (in command of summer operations)
Vyacheslav Grigor’yevich Aver’yanov (‘Molodezhnaya’, Enderby Land;
in command of winter operations)
Nikolay Nikolayevich Ovchinnikov (‘Mirnyy’, Queen Mary Land)
Vladimir Anatol’yevich Anan’yev (‘Vostok’, South Geomagnetic Pole)
Vladilen Vasil’yevich Izmaylov (‘Novolazarevskaya’, Schirmacheroasen)
Artur Nikolayevich Chilingarov (‘Bellingsgausen’, King George Island)
Anatoliy Nikolayevich Vorob’yev (‘Leningradskaya’, Oates Land)
(Leaders for summer and 1972 winter)
Sergey Ivanovich Volkov        Ob’
Yuriy Konstantinovich Karlov   Navarin
Emmanuil Nikolayevich Troitskiy        Professor Vize
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Aristov       Nadezhda Krupskaya
?      Akademik Knipovich
Largest Soviet Union expedition to date, with scientists from several other countries represented. Summer station ‘Sodruzhestvo’ (69∙72°S, 73∙73°E) established on the Amery Ice Shelf, where a geophysical and geological survey was made. Geological and biological survey conducted of Macquarie Ridge. Fisheries and krill investigations in the Scotia Sea and Weddell Sea continued from Akademik Knipovich which visited South Georgia. Polish scientific team of 5 men, led by Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski, conducted ichthyological and other biological work during the summer. Five German (DDR) glaciologists and geophysicists, led by Klaus Dreβler, wintered at ‘Molodezhnaya’, investigated the Hayes Glacier; 2 surveyors repeated the determination of the position of ‘Vostok’.

Bjarne Aas     Lindblad Explorer
United States chartered vessel made 2 cruises, visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia and South Shetland Islands; on second cruise ran aground in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, 11 February. Ninety passengers rescued by Chilean naval vessel Piloto Pardo and ship towed off by a contracted German (BRD) tug Arktis 18 days later.

formed; began catching krill, which were processed into a paste. Factory ship Vostok, accompanied by the whaling factory Sovietskaya Ukraina, with fleets of trawlers operated off Iles Kerguelen, South Georgia, in the Scotia Sea and other areas. These fleets operated in Antarctic regions during subsequent summers; they also took and processed increasing quantities of fish and, later, squid. An oil bunkering depot was established on King George Island.

Steven Wormald (Stonington Island)
Kenneth Wilson Hughson (Argentine Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher (Signy Island)
Kevin James Roberts (Adelaide Island)
Roger Daynes (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Andrew Stuart Ferguson (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1973 winter; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Andrew William Jamieson (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for summer and 1973 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS John Biscoe
Thomas Woodfield       RRS Bransfield
Field stations on Bird Island and Hodges Glacier (South Georgia), and Spartan Glacier (Alexander Island) open for summer. New station [III] built at Halley Bay; aircraft reached it from Antarctic Peninsula stations. Geological reconnaissance began on Annenkov Island and other parts of South Georgia; inspection of volcanism made at Deception Island. Large increase in Fur Seal numbers (over 200 000) found on Bird Island. John Biscoe continued South Orkney and began South Georgia Benthic Survey. Launch, Yoldia, sent to South Georgia but sank at King Edward Point. Medical evacuation made from Stonington Island by aircraft in cooperation with the Argentine Air Force, October 1972.

Christopher John Isacke        HMS Endurance
Continued hydrographic survey of the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands region, worked with RRS John Biscoe in Marguerite Bay. Fixed positions of Clerke Rocks, Shag Rocks and Black Rock by satellite observations, landings were made on the first 2, geological and biological specimens were collected. Deployed field huts on South Georgia for British Antarctic Survey. Around the Falkland Islands conducted a 6300 km magnetic survey.

Gérard Janichon and Jérôme Poncet  Damien
Left Tasmania; visited Antarctic Peninsula, Adelaide Island, South Shetland Islands, and South Georgia.

Verner Duncan Carse visited the island to retrace and film Shackleton’s trek (1914-16, q.v.), 17 December, from HMS Endurance. His camp was destroyed by very severe weather and he embarked on RRS John Biscoe at King Haakon Bay.

Graham Kenneth Wright ■ (Stonington Island)
Alexander Gibson Scott ■ (Argentine Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher and Eric Kenneth Prentice Back ■ (Signy Island)
Steven Wormald and Kevin James Roberts ■ (Adelaide Island)
Brian Jones ■ (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Michael Raymond Pawley ■ (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1974 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
James Francis Bishop (Fossil Bluff; Alexander Island
Officer-in-charge for summer and 1974 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS John Biscoe
Thomas Woodfield       RRS Bransfield
Field station on Bird Island, South Georgia, occupied for the summer; Shackleton station, Vahsel Bay inspected; Spartan Glacier field station occupied for much of the year. New Halley Bay station [3] opened, although collapse of ice cliffs on to Bransfield delayed construction; former station closed. South Georgia Benthic Survey conducted around the main island and off Annenkov Island. Magnetic and seismic observatory established on Barff Peninsula, South Georgia. Extensive series of flights for geomagnetic studies made over the Antarctic Peninsula. [Headquarters Base Commanders were appointed at some stations from this summer; they generally arrived with the earliest ship and departed with the last of the season (except for Halley Bay, where there was only one visit).]

George H. Selby-Smith  RRS Shackleton
Continued survey in the Scotia Sea, conducted site surveys for Glomar Challenger deep-sea drilling programme. Made a geophysical reconnaissance of the Weddell Sea; visited South Georgia.

Christopher John Isacke        HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands; continued to South Georgia with the Governor, Ernest Gordon Lewis, aboard; assisted British Antarctic Survey field parties on the island and used helicopters for extensive aerial photographic survey. Magnetometer traces made across the Scotia Sea and west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, and magnetometer measurements taken on Deception Island, Argentine Islands, and South Georgia (Barff Peninsula). Hydrographic survey continued in Marguerite Bay.

Giovanni Ajmone Cat    San Giuseppe Due
Called at Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, several sites on west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, Signy Island in South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia.

Jeremy Hugh Carter ■ (Argentine Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher and Herbert John Graham Dartnall ■ (Signy Island)
Steven Wormald and Ernest Brian Sheldon ■ (Adelaide Island)
Eric Kenneth Prentice Back ■ (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Michael Raymond Pawley and John Hall ■ (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1975 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Jonathan Launcelot William Walton (Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island;
Officer-in-charge for 1975 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS John Biscoe
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Stonington Island station closed at the end of summer; reconnaissance for a new scientific station and airstrip near Rothera Point, Adelaide Island began. Geological investigation of south-west South Georgia made with assistance from HMS Endurance; radio-echo soundings made of ice shelves of the Antarctic Peninsula from 62°S to 75°S, inland boundary of Ronne Ice Shelf delineated. Geophysicists and geologists made several landings in South Shetland Islands. Bathymetric profiling with satellite positions across the Scotia Sea and Weddell Sea undertaken from Bransfield. Combined United States and British glaciological survey of the Ross Ice Shelf conducted. Party retraced Sir Ernest Shackleton’s trek between King Haakon Bay and Stromness Bay (1914-16, q.v.), across South Georgia during winter.

Noel Bearne    HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, South Sandwich Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, and South Georgia. Assisted a British Antarctic Survey geological investigation on South Georgia and destroyed an explosives depot at Grytviken whaling station; conducted a bathymetric survey off the south-east of the island in cooperation with John Biscoe. Made an extensive series of air photographs of South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Liège Island, and Brabant Island. Helicopter landing made on Shag Rocks, for geological collections, 4 December 1974.

José Luis Arria Balaga  Cabo San Roque
Hasse Nilsson  Lindblad Explorer
George Nicolaou        Regina Prima
First, from Spain, visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. Second, from United States, made 4 cruises; visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula region. Third, a chartered Italian liner, under a Panamanian flag, made 7 visits to South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula, 27 December 1975 to 5 March 1976.

passed the Falkland Islands Dependencies Conservation Ordinance, 19 February. This covered South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, and Shag Rocks; Specially Protected Areas, Sites of Special Scientific Interest, and Areas of Special Tourist Interest were established. [The Ordinance consolidated several previous ones.]

Steven Wormald and Robin Albert Davies ■ (Adelaide Island)
Brian Goodale ■ (Argentine Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher and Colin Stewart Maiden ■ (Signy Island)
Ernest Brian Sheldon ■ (Rothera Point, Adelaide Island)
Ernest Alfred Thornley ■ (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Michael Raymond Pawley and David Michael Burkitt ■ (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1976 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS Bransfield
First phase of new station at Rothera Point (‘Base R’) completed and landing ground established there; another landing ground established near Damoy Point, Wiencke Island with refuge hut (used for conveying men from ships farther south with aircraft). Field stations occupied for summer at Spartan Glacier, Fossil Bluff (Alexander Island); Bird Island, Dartmouth Point, and Elsehul (South Georgia). Halley Bay relief was exceptionally difficult, Bransfield had to moor 64 km away. Geological field parties operated at north-western end of South Georgia, discovered a population of mice at Shallop Cove. Geological field parties operated at South Shetland Islands. Ships continued investigations of the Scotia Ridge. Aircraft flew extensive magnetometer traces over southern Antarctic Peninsula and Alexander Island in cooperation with United States Geological Survey geoceiver programme. British Broadcasting Corporation team accompanied John Biscoe spending 3 months filming. Geological field party retraced Sir Ernest Shackleton’s trek between King Haakon Bay and Fortuna Bay (1914-16, q.v.), across South Georgia during summer. Party of 3, from Argentine Islands station, died on Mount Peary, 3 September 1976.

Phillip Warne  RRS Shackleton
University of Birmingham party continued the survey in the Scotia Sea, main activities were around South Orkney Islands and near South Georgia. The programme was curtailed when the Argentine naval vessel Almirante Storni opened fire on the ship (1976, q.v.).

Noel Bearne    HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula; assisted with deployment of aircraft radio beacon at Rothera Point by British Antarctic Survey and surveyed the approaches to the station. Carried Edward Arthur Alexander Shackleton (Lord Shackleton) to South Georgia to undertake an economic survey (1976, q.v.). Deployed a recording seismograph station on Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands.

Gotthilf Hempel, Dietrich Sahrhage, and Schreiber Steinberg (Scientific Leaders)
Theodore Frerichs and
Edwin Littkemann       Walther Herwig
F. Baltrusch   Weser
Investigated krill and fish biology, and resources off South Georgia and in the Scotia Sea.

Hasse Nilsson  Lindblad Explorer
George Nicolaou        Regina Prima
Lindblad Explorer, from United States, visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula. Regina Prima, a chartered Italian liner, under a Panamanian flag, made 6 visits to South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula, 16 December 1975 to 6 March 1976.

(Britain); Committee, chaired by Edward Arthur Alexander Shackleton (Lord Shackleton), made a detailed socio-economic survey of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, January to March. Lord Shackleton visited South Georgia aboard HMS Endurance in the course of this. A comprehensive report with many recommendations resulted [see also a second report in 1982].

Gustavo Richardson (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Rodolfo Jorge González Moreno (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Alberto Hipólito Acevedo (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
Carlos Lavarias (‘Petrel’, Dundee Island)
Carlos Alberto Fernandez (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Anselmo Ramón Aguilera (‘Vicecomodoro Marambio’, Seymour Island)
José Bilbao Richter (‘General San Martín’, Marguerite Bay)
(Commanders for summer and 1977 winter)
Isidoro Antonio Paradelo (in command of naval operations)
Alberto L. Padilla     General San Martín
César Trombetta Bahía Aguirre
Carlos A. Coli Francisco de Gurruchaga
Gustavo R. Grunschlager        Candido de Lasala
Eduardo Gastón Lestrade Islas Orcadas
Peri-Antarctic oceanographic voyage, in coordination with United States Antarctic Research Program, conducted from Islas Orcadas. Helicopters crashed on Seymour Island, 5 December 1976, and on Livingston Island, 10 January 1977; 3 men died in each. Naval station established on Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands, 7 November 1976, and occupied for summer. [This station was in the Falkland Islands Dependencies without authorization by their government; a diplomatic protest was delivered to the Argentine Government by the British Ambassador, 19 January 1977 (see also 1982).] Italian summer station, ‘Conca Italia’, on King George Island demolished (without Italian consent). Antarctic Treaty inspection of ‘Palmer’ station conducted.

Eric Kenneth Prentice Back ■ (Argentine Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher and John Cynan Ellis-Evans ■ (Signy Island)
Steven Wormald and Godfrey Andrew Holden ■ (Rothera Point, Adelaide Island)
Kenneth Charles Lax ■ (Halley Bay, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Michael Raymond Pawley and David John Orchard ■ (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1977 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Field stations open for summer at Fossil Bluff (Alexander Island), Bird Island and Elsehul (South Georgia). Second phase of construction of Rothera Point station completed and station became centre for air operations. Prospect Point station open during summer for International Magnetosphere Study. Very Low Frequency (VLF) radio experimental hut at Halley Bay destroyed by fire and unmanned VLF station deployed 120 km south for summer. Geochronological and geochemical sampling programme began in South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. Series of reference sites established on South Georgia for intensive terrestrial research. Geological survey made in South Orkney Islands in cooperation with United States Antarctic Research Program. Magnetic profile of 6500 km in the Scotia Sea made from Bransfield which also visited Beauchêne Island. The Survey also participated in the Ross Ice Shelf Project with United States Antarctic Research Program.

Derek Alan Wallis      HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, and South Georgia. Transported ‘Joint Services Expedition’ to Elephant Island. Took an extensive series of air photographs at selected areas of South Georgia where landed field parties on the coast and on Annenkov Island; conducted a hydrographic survey off Rothera Point; magnetic and bathymetric profiles in the Scotia Sea.

Hasse Nilsson  Lindblad Explorer
United States chartered vessel started from Cape Town and made 4 cruises; visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula.

Jorge Luis Laboro (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Samuel Ikonicoff (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Héctor Raúl Papa (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
Ignacio Carro (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Ricardo Abel D’Onofrio (‘Vicecomodoro Marambio’, Seymour Island)
Julio Vicente Fuscaldo (‘Primavera’, Hughes Bay)
Gustavo Federico Giménez (‘General San Martín’, Marguerite Bay)
Guillermo Escorihuela (‘Corbeta Uruguay’, South Sandwich Islands)
(Commanders for summer and 1978 winter)
Carlos Alberto Barros (in command of naval operations)
Jorge Fausto Newton    General San Martín
Guillermo Estrada      Bahía Aguirre
Ricardo Horacio Aumann Francisco de Gurruchaga
Mario A. Brusa Candido de Lasala
Jorge Horacio Badaroux Islas Orcadas
‘Corbeta Uruguay’ station, South Sandwich Islands, open for winter; ‘Primavera’ station established at Hughes Bay; ‘Petrel’ station, Dundee Island, closed. Emilio Marcos Palma, born 7 January 1978 at Argentine army station at Hope Bay, announced as ‘first Argentine Antarctic citizen’ [his mother, 7 months pregnant, had been flown to the station in November for the event]; a marriage was also celebrated at the station. Rocketry programme for atmospheric studies between 25 and 60 km altitudes began at ‘ Marambio’ and ‘Belgrano’ stations. British Antarctic Survey aircraft made a medical evacuation from ‘Belgrano’ to ‘Marambio’ station, November 1977. Oceanographic investigations in the Scotia Sea, with United States Antarctic Research Program, continued from Islas Orcadas.

Michael John Smith ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
John Hall and David Michael Rootes ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher and Eric Kenneth Prentice Back ■
(‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Miles Vernon Mosley ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Michael Raymond Pawley and Martin John Baker ■ (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1978 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Stuart James Lawrence and
Maurice John Cole      RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS John Biscoe
Summer field stations operated at Fossil Bluff and Spartan Glacier (Alexander Island), Adelaide Island, Damoy Point (Wiencke Island), Bird Island and Schlieper Bay (South Georgia). Offshore Biological Programme inaugurated near South Georgia, February to March 1978. (Thirty-five German (DDR), Polish, and Soviet Union trawlers were reported working near South Georgia during this summer.) Three men of a geological party making a summer reconnaissance survey of the Shackleton Range wintered at Argentine ‘General Belgrano’ station. Aeromagnetic flights continued over the Antarctic Peninsula and geoceiver ground control extended to ‘Siple’, ‘Halley’, Theron Mountains, South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, and South Shetland Islands; gravity readings taken at several of these stations. Palaeontological team worked in the Sweeney Mountains with United States scientists. The Survey’s logistical and communications station at Stanley, Falkland Islands, closed; a representative’s office was maintained. Extensive demolition programme of many government buildings at King Edward Point undertaken. [The stations were given specific names from this summer. That at South Georgia was termed ‘Grytviken’; owing to confusion with the whaling station of that name the designation King Edward Point is retained here.]

Derek Alan Wallis      HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands thence to South Georgia with the Governor, James Roland Walter Parker, aboard and continued aerial photographic surveys of selected places; participated in search for En Avant; visited South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. Conducted a geodetic survey of region of James Ross Island and Joinville Island.

Gotthilf Hempel, Dietrich Sahrhage, and Schreiber Steinberg (Scientific Leaders)
Theodore Frerichs and
Edwin Littkemann       Walther Herwig
H. Polley      Julius Foch
Visited area around South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, the Scotia Sea and Bellingshausen Sea investigating krill and fish resources.

S. Holzlöhner (Scientific Leader)
?      Bernhard Kellermann
Investigated fish and krill biology and catching techniques off South Georgia and South Orkney Islands, December 1977 to February 1978.

Keniji Nasu (Chief Scientist)
Kouhei Sawamura        Banshû-maru 2
Satory Nakamura (Chief Scientist)
Kazuhito Ohkubo        Ohtsu-maru
Japanese Marine Fishery Resources Research Centre vessels, with a fleet of 10 trawlers, continued experimental krill catching off Wilkes Land. [Similar voyages, using various vessels, were also made in the 1978-79 (off Wilkes Land and in Ross Sea), 1979-80 (off Enderby Land and in Bellingshausen Sea), 1980-81 (off Antarctic Peninsula and Marie Byrd Land), 1981-82 (off South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands), 1982-83 (off South Shetland Islands and South Georgia), and 1983-84 (off South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands).]

Zbigniew Ziembo (Chief Scientist)
Jan Sokołowski        Profesor Bogucki
Kazimierz Kopa‘nski    Sagitta
Kazimierz Augustyniak  Manta
Tadeusz Brzezi‘nski    Sirius
Zbigniew Dzwonkowski   Gemini
Potential fishing grounds and krill resources around Antarctica and south of New Zealand investigated from Profesor Bogucki and Sagitta. Fisheries surveys near Iles Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Enderby Land conducted from Manta. Gemini and Sirius monitored fishing grounds off South Georgia and South Orkney Islands.

Jérôme Poncet     Damien II
Visited the Antarctic Peninsula and wintered on Avian Island; continued to South Shetland Islands and South Georgia, where a child, Dion Michael Poncet, was born on 15 March 1979 (registered as Falkland Islands Dependencies birth 13); thence visited Falkland Islands.

Cornelius Jan Hendrik Wagenveld        SAS Protea
Visited Falkland Islands, Gerlache Strait, South Shetland Islands, and South Georgia; conducted hydrographic and oceanographic studies, particularly concerned with krill, 10 February to 21 April.

Eduardo E. Nasine (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Walter Mersing (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
José Conrado Antonioni (‘General Belgrano’, Filchner Ice Shelf)
Juan Carlos Videla (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Juan Carlos Fernandez (‘Vicecomodoro Marambio’, Seymour Island)
Miguel Felipe Perandones (‘Primavera’, Hughes Bay)
Guillermo Jorge Laborde (‘General San Martín’, Marguerite Bay)
Anibal E. Estevez (‘Corbeta Uruguay’, South Sandwich Islands)
(Commanders for summer and 1979 winter)
Alberto Oscar Casellas (in command of naval operations)
Adolfo Arduino General San Martín
Nestor Carbonetti      Bahía Aguirre
Pedro Luis Galazi      Francisco de Gurruchaga
Antonio L. Faure       Islas Orcadas
Construction of a new of ‘Belgrano’ station began at Bertrab Nunatak, Luitpold Coast. Nine wives and 17 children of station personnel installed in ‘married quarters’ at ‘Esperanza’; several births and marriages followed. A series of surveys prospecting for economic minerals began by Fabricaciones Militares on the Antarctic Peninsula. Three men died in a helicopter crash on Smith Island. Islas Orcadas operated in Drake Passage, north Weddell Sea, and Scotia Sea in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program.

Michael John Smith and John William Nutt ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
John Hall and George Ryans Hawthorn ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher and John Alexander Jewell ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Peter Richard Witty ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Michael Raymond Pawley and Mark Peter David Lewis ■
(King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1979 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS John Biscoe
Stuart James Lawrence and
Maurice John Cole      RRS Bransfield
Field stations on Bird Island (South Georgia), Fossil Bluff (Alexander Island) and Hope Bay occupied for summer. Geological and glaciological investigation of Alexander Island and Ellsworth Mountains conducted. Trawlers reported operating during every month of the year off South Georgia.

James Trevor Lord      HMS Endurance
Conducted reconnaissance survey of south-west of Adelaide Island; took vertical air photographs of South Shetland Islands and Melchior Islands. Governor of Falkland Islands Dependencies and High Commissioner of British Antarctic Territory, James Roland Walter Parker, was aboard for visits to South Georgia, South Orkney Islands and Antarctic Peninsula.

Jacques Peignon        Champi (France)
Jean Lescure   Isatis (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotick (France)
Willy de Roos  Williwaw (Belgium)
Williwaw and Isatis visited the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands; Champi continued thence to South Georgia which Kotick visited.

Christian Salvesen and Company (Britain) purchased the leases of Husvik and Grytviken whaling stations from Albion Star (Falkland Islands), August. Salvesen’s company already had the leases for Prince Olav Harbour, Leith and Stromness whaling stations. These 5 leases were held against the eventuality of resuming whaling or beginning another commercial operation from the island. A contract was exchanged with Constantino Sergio Davidoff (Argentina) to salvage materials from these whaling stations, under specified conditions, 19 September. [See 1982 for some developments from the contract and 1992 for relinquishment of the leases.]

Miguel A. Pereyra (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Fernando Hipólito Turrado (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Luis Antonio Zbucki and Carlos Alberto Retamozo (‘General Belgrano II and III’,
Luitpold Coast [combined station])
Marcos Alberto Calmón (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Carlos Alberto Gut (‘Vicecomodoro Marambio’, Seymour Island)
Agusto César Buraschi (‘Primavera’, Hughes Bay)
Manuel Bautista Ceñal (‘General San Martín’, Marguerite Bay)
Omar A. Galliussi (‘Corbeta Uruguay’, South Sandwich Islands)
(Commanders for summer and 1980 winter)
Alberto Máximo D’Agostino (in command of naval operations)
Alejandro José Giusti   Almirante Irízar
Héctor E. Moreno        Bahía Aguirre
Miguel A. Piccinini    Francisco de Gurruchaga
‘General Belgrano II’ (Army) and ‘General Belgrano III’ (Navy) stations open on Bertrab Nunatak; conservation programme began of the Swedish hut on Snow Hill Island (Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskjöld, 1901-03, q.v.). One man died in an accident at ‘Belgrano’, 22 January 1980.

Martin John Baker ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
David Michael Rootes ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
Michael Colin Sharp and Alan James McManus ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Miles Vernon Mosley and Jack Scotcher ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Michael Raymond Pawley and Derek William Hamilton ■
(King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1980 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Field stations open in summer on Bird Island and Schlieper Bay (South Georgia), and Fossil Bluff (Alexander Island). Mosley was fatally injured in an accident with an aircraft, 2 February 1980, and Scotcher was appointed Base Commander at ‘Halley’. ‘Faraday’ station rebuilt and new aqueduct installed for King Edward Point. Bransfield struck uncharted rocks off Adelaide Island, 27 March 1980, and was unable to relieve Signy Island thus 7 men spent an additional winter there. Second Offshore Biological Programme voyage made near South Georgia by John Biscoe refitted with trawling equipment and laboratory facilities. United States Antarctic Program personnel cooperated in ornithological and seal investigations from Bird Island.

James Trevor Lord      HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula; the Governor and High Commissioner, James Roland Walter Parker, was aboard for some of the voyages; assisted relief of RRS Bransfield after ship grounded off Adelaide Island.

Franz Tessensohn (Scientific Leader)
Udo Rieck      Schepelstrum
Heinz Kohnen (Scientific Leader)
Magnar Aklestad        Polarsirkel
Karl-Heinz Koch (Scientific Leader)
Heinz Wichels  Explora
Three separate expeditions visited Victoria Land (Ganovex I expedition), South Georgia and the Weddell Sea (landed on the Filchner Ice Shelf to assess it as a station site); and the Bellingshausen Sea and Ross Sea. The first established a summer station, ‘Lillie-Marleen’, at the base of Lillie Glacier (71∙20°S, 154∙52°E).

Edwin Michelburgh and David Matthews
Private expedition visited Elsehul, Prince Olav Harbour, Stromness Bay, King Edward Cove, and elsewhere on South Georgia, preparing documentary photographs of the island. Logistic assistance provided by British Antarctic Survey.

Lars-Erik Granquist    Lindblad Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Former visited the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands. Latter visited Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Peter I Ø, Ross Sea, Balleny Islands, Macquarie Island, and Auckland Islands. Lindblad Explorer went aground on rocks off Wiencke Island, 24 December 1979, hull punctured; complement rescued aboard Piloto Pardo (Chile) and vessel by tug Uragan (Soviet Union); Japanese company aboard produced a film including scenes from the Antarctic Peninsula [Virus].

Bertrand Dubois        Basile (France)
Charles Ferchaud       Momo (France)
Basile visited South Georgia, trekked in several areas and made the second ascent of Mount Paget, continued to Gough Island and Cape Town. Momo visited the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia, and Gough Island.

, Cambridge, published The history of the place names in the Falkland Islands Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands), edited by Geoffrey Francis Hattersley-Smith.

a Hercules aircraft, commanded by Eduardo Senn, flew from Río Gallegos over South Georgia to Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands, and returned over the South Orkney Islands, 27 September, taking aerial photographs and dropping mail for the Argentine stations. [Similar flights were made in 1981 and early 1982.]

Günter Gubsch (Scientific Leader)
?      Werner Kube
Investigated distribution of fish and krill off the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia, and Bouvetøya, February to April.

Juan Carlos Diez (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Daniel Zatz (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Jorge Antonio Fernandez and Hugo Carlos Casela
(‘General Belgrano II and III’, Luitpold Coast [combined station])
Héctor Fructuoso Funes (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Leonidas Aldo Loza (‘Vicecomodoro Marambio’, Seymour Island)
Juan Carlos Carrizo (‘Primavera’, Hughes Bay)
Héctor Luis Davel (‘General San Martín’, Marguerite Bay)
Carlos Alberto Pereyra (‘Corbeta Uruguay’, South Sandwich Islands)
(Commanders for summer and 1981 winter)
César Trombetta (in command of naval operations)
Ricardo Luis Davila    Bahía Aguirre
Vicente Manuel Federici        Almirante Irízar
?      Iokim Vatsiyetis
?      Antártida
First ‘Belgrano’ station closed, second and third operated through winter. Krill investigations in the Scotia Sea and near South Shetland Islands conducted from Iokim Vatsiyetis and Antártida.

Martin John Baker and Christopher David Jeffes ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
David Michael Rootes and Neil Anthony Fitch ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
David Donald William Fletcher and Mark Peter David Lewis ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Peter John Gibbs ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Peter Richard Witty and Stephen John Martin ■ (King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1981 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps   RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Field stations on Bird Island (South Georgia) and Fossil Bluff (Alexander Island) open for summer. Royal Engineers party reconstructed jetty at King Edward Point. John Biscoe fractured a propeller and was towed to port by HMS Endurance (the longest tow in peacetime by a vessel other than a tug). British Broadcasting Corporation television crew accompanied the voyage of Bransfield. Two men, from ‘Rothera’ died in a crevasse, 16 May 1981.

?      RRS Shackleton
University of Birmingham conducted geophysical investigation of the Scotia Sea and Weddell Sea, ship visited South Georgia and Falkland Islands.

Nicholas John Barker   HMS Endurance
Visited the Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia, and Weddell Sea; in latter assisted in an investigation of iceberg dynamics. Towed RRS John Biscoe from Falkland Islands to Uruguay after latter fractured a propeller. Surveyed Marguerite Bay. The Governor of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and High Commissioner for British Antarctic Territory, James Roland Walter Parker, was aboard for a voyage from Stanley.

Ekkehard Müller-Heiden (‘Georg von Neumayer’, Ekströmisen;
Leader for summer and 1981 winter)
B. Zeitzschel, Sebastian Gerlach, and Gotthilf Hempel (Scientific Leaders)
Walter Feldmann        Meteor
Gotthilf Hempel, Manfred Stein, and Karl-Heinz Koch (Scientific Leaders)
Edwin Littkemann       Walther Herwig
Heinz Kohnen (Scientific Leader)
Magnar Aklestad        Polarsirkel
Ewald Heinrich Brune   Gotland II
M. Boese       Titan
Attempt to establish a station on the Filchner Ice Shelf prevented by sea-ice. ‘Georg von Neumayer’ station established at 70∙62°S, 08∙37°W in Dronning Maud Land; meteorological, geophysical, atmospheric, and biological studies began with field programmes in geology, glaciology, surveying, and biology. Meteor and Walther Herwig involved in ‘Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks’ programmes in the Scotia Sea; visited South Georgia. Geological and petrological survey made of northern Victoria Land; logistic assistance provided by United States Antarctic Program.

Edward P. Todd (Program Director, National Science Foundation)
Jare Max Pearigen (Commander; Naval Support Force, Antarctica)
A. D. Bernhart (‘McMurdo’, Ross Island; Senior Naval Officer, 1981 winter)
C. Thomas Plyler (‘Amundsen-Scott’, South Pole)
Donald Wiggin (‘Palmer’, Anvers Island)
(Leaders for 1981 winter)
James W. Coste USCGC Glacier
Thomas C. Volkle       USCGC Polar Star
Pieter J. Lenie        Hero
Albert A. Arsenhault and
Robert W. Haines       Melville
Bjørn J. Werring      USNS Southern Cross
Henry H. Church        USNS Maumee
‘Siple’ station, Ellsworth Land, closed for winter after joint United States, Norwegian and British summer rocketry investigation of the magnetosphere. Melville collected seabed samples, made a geophysical examination of the Scotia Sea region, and participated in ‘Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks’ programmes (detected a 10⁶ tonne krill swarm; 35 Soviet Union trawlers were catching this). New astronomical telescope added to observatory at South Pole. Seven thermo-nuclear power sources were used in meteorological stations and for aurora observatories (similar small generators have subsequently been used to supply electricity at several remote sites). Glacier and Polar Sea visited Campbell Island; Hero visited South Georgia. Antarctic Treaty inspection of 6 stations conducted.

Hasse Nilsson  Lindblad Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Both vessels made 4 cruises; World Discoverer visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, Ross Sea, Balleny Islands, Commonwealth Bay, Macquarie Island, and Campbell Island; Lindblad Explorer visited Ile Saint-Paul, Bouvetøya (only 3 landed, 16 December 1980) Iles Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands (no landings made owing to weather), Antarctic Peninsula, Peter I Ø, Ross Sea, Commonwealth Bay, Balleny Islands, Macquarie Island, Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, and The Snares.

Henri Goiot    Delphine (France)
Brian Harrison Dione (Britain)
Jean Lescure   Isatis II (France)
Yves Beulac    Shieldaig (France)
Dione and Isatis visited the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands; Shieldaig South Georgia; Delphine Ile Saint-Paul and Ile Amsterdam.

Daniel Gazanion        Kim
Visited the Antarctic Peninsula and wintered on Petermann Island; continued to South Shetland Islands and South Georgia.

a Hercules aircraft, commanded by Rubén H. Cabanillas, flew from Río Gallegos over South Georgia and to Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands, 2 August, taking aerial photographs.

team, led by Christopher Ralling, visited ‘Scott Base’, Ross Island, and South Georgia to obtain film and details for a documentary film about Sir Ernest Shackleton.

Mario Huiici (‘Orcadas’, Laurie Island)
Rubén Sanso (‘Almirante Brown’, Paradise Harbour)
Leopoldo Diamante Díaz and Eduardo Ezequiel Alonso
(‘General Belgrano II and III’, Luitpold Coast, [combined station])
José Bilbao Richter (‘Esperanza’, Hope Bay)
Oscar Emilio Quinteros (‘Vicecomodoro Marambio’, Seymour Island)
Luis Alberto Herrera (‘General San Martín’, Marguerite Bay)
Francisco Martínez (‘Teniente Jubany’, King George Island)
(Commanders for summer and 1982 winter)
César Trombetta (in command of naval operations)
Oscar Julio Barquin    Almirante Irízar
Ismael Jorge García     Bahía Paraíso
Osvaldo M. Niella      Bahía Buen Suceso
‘Jubany’ station, Potter Cove, King George Island, open for winter; ‘Primavera’, ‘Teniente Cámara’, and ‘Decepción’ open for summer; ‘Corbeta Uruguay’ station, Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands, surrendered by Enrique Peralta Martínez and closed on 20 June 1982 by the Royal Navy following its use in the invasion of South Georgia. Almirante Irízar covertly visited Stromness Bay, South Georgia, ostensibly on behalf of Constantino Sergio Davidoff’s salvage contract, 20 December 1981. Bahía Paraíso, with César Trombetta aboard, transported special forces from the naval station on Thule Island, 16 March 1982, assisted in the invasion of South Georgia, and removed British personnel from the scientific station at King Edward Point, March-April 1982. Bahía Buen Suceso made 3 tourist cruises to the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands, January 1982. Mineral prospecting in Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands by Fabricaciones Militares continued.

Martin John Baker and Leonard Raymond Airey ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
David Michael Rootes and Alan Dudley Hemmings ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and John Alexander Jewell ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Gijsbert Karel Nieuwenhuijs ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
Peter Richard Witty [to February 1982] and Stephen John Martin [to April 1982]
(King Edward Point, South Georgia)
(Commanders for summer and 1982 winter ■; appointed Magistrates by
British Antarctic Territory or Falkland Islands Dependencies Government)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Field stations on Bird Island and Schlieper Bay (South Georgia), and Fossil Bluff (Alexander Island) open for summer; at Bird Island a United States Antarctic Program team worked in cooperation with the Survey. Party of German (BRD) scientists investigated plankton in the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and Bellingshausen Sea from John Biscoe. Third ‘Offshore Biological Programme’ operated along a series of parallel tracks around South Georgia. Argentine activities at Leith Harbour, South Georgia, reported, Soviet Union tug Spacatel visited; King Edward Point attacked by Argentine forces, 3 April 1982, staff taken prisoner and removed to Argentina, all scientific programmes forcibly terminated; personnel on South Georgia field stations subsequently removed from war zone by the Royal Navy. Three men died on sea-ice off ‘Faraday’, August 1982.

Nicholas John Barker   HMS Endurance
Visited Falkland Islands, continued to South Georgia with the Governor, Rex Masterman Hunt, aboard and landed ‘Joint Services Expedition’; surveying undertaken off the Antarctic Peninsula and South Sandwich Islands; conducted iceberg dynamics experiments organized by the Scott Polar Research Institute and Norsk Polarinstitutt. Returned to South Georgia in March to assist civil administration during Argentine landings at Leith Harbour, landed a Royal Marine contingent at the end of the month and departed for Falkland Islands. [For further operations connected with the invasion see 1982 entry.]

Robert E. Veal
This 16 man expedition trekked in the Salvesen Range of South Georgia from a base at Royal Bay 12 December 1981 to 16 March 1982; glaciological, biological, and meteorological programmes were conducted.

Lucinda Catherine Buxton and Anne Price
Two Anglia Television Company wildlife photographers spent 5 months at Saint Andrews Bay, South Georgia, assisted by the British Antarctic Survey. [They were relieved by the Royal Navy after the Argentine invasion of the island in 1982 (q.v.).]

(SAE 27: 1981-83)
Dmitriy Dmitriyevich Maksutov (in command of summer operations)
Ryurik Maksimovich Galkin (‘Molodezhnaya’, Enderby Land;
in command of winter operations)
Yuriy Mikhaylovich Zusman (‘Mirnyy’, Queen Mary Land)
Petr Georgiyevich Astakhov (‘Vostok’, South Geomagnetic Pole)
Georgiy Petrovich Khokhlov (‘Novolazarevskaya’, Schirmacheroasen)
Oleg Nikolayevich Struin (‘Bellingsgausen’, King George Island)
Valeriy Sergeyevich Ippolitov (‘Leningradskaya’, Oates Land)
Valeriy Filippovich Iagarshev (‘Russkaya’, Marie Byrd Land)
(Leaders for summer and 1982 winter)
Feliks Aleksandrovich Pes’yakov        Mikhail Somov
Vladimir Ivanovich Uzolin      Professor Zubov
Kim Nikolayevich Loskutov      Bashkiriya
Valeriy Alekseyevich Sarapunin Pioner Estonii
Grigoriy Solomonovich Matusevich       Vasiliy Fedoseyev
Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Ponomarev        Estoniya
Yevgeniy Anatol’yevich Bernadskiy      Urengoy
‘Druzhnaya’ (Filchner Ice Shelf) and ‘Druzhnaya II’ (Ronne Ice Shelf) open for summer. Traverses made to Dome Circe from ‘Mirnyy’ and ‘Pionerskaya’ stations for glaciological surveys. Geological investigation of southern Antarctic Peninsula began. Power house at ‘Vostok’ damaged by fire and station operated under very severe conditions awaiting replacements. Vasiliy Fedoseyev visited South Georgia. One man died at ‘Vostok’.

Hasse Nilsson  Lindblad Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Lindblad Explorer made 2 cruises from New Zealand, visited Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Ross Sea regions; landed tourists on Scott Island, 7 January 1982. World Discoverer made 4 cruises from South America, visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula and Peter I Ø (29 January 1982); the third cruise was chartered by a Chilean company and took 3 tourist groups, who were flown to ‘Teniente Rodolfo Marsh Martín’ station (King George Island) by the Chilean Air Force, on local excursions.

David Lewis    Dick Smith Explorer (Australia)
Patrick Cudennec       Endeavour (Panama)
Erich Wilts    Freydis (Germany)
Jean Lescure   Isatis II (France)
Yannick Trancart       Mazeppa (France)
Thomas Phillipe        33-Export (France)
Dick Smith Explorer on an ‘Oceanic Research Foundation’ tour, visited Commonwealth Bay and Terre Adélie; at latter supported by French station ‘Dumont d’Urville’. Isatis II visited South Georgia; Freydis South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. The others crossed the Indian Ocean calling at Iles Kerguelen where 33-Export was damaged and rescued by Marion Dufresne.

Giovanni Raggio        Caiman (Panamá)
Olivier Gouon  Cinq Gars Pour (France)
Carl Freeman   Quakster (Australia)
Caiman arrived at South Georgia from Argentina, February, without reference to the island’s administration and remained 3 weeks while investigated by the Magistrate; claimed to be involved with Constantino Sergio Davidoff’s salvage contract (1979, q.v.). Cinq Gars Pour visited South Georgia, March to April, and filmed part of the Argentine invasion. Quakster visited Falkland Islands and South Georgia where rescued by the British Antarctic Survey, March.

Osvaldo M. Niella      Bahía Buen Suceso
Arrived in radio silence at Leith Harbour, South Georgia, 16 March, without reference to the local administration, and began salvage operations on behalf of Constantino Sergio Davidoff. Argentine flag raised and declaration of sovereignty made. British Antarctic Survey field party reported the presence of vessel, 19 March, and delivered a formal protest. The vessel departed, 22 March, leaving a 39-man salvage party ashore.

César Trombetta (Senior Officer Argentine Antarctic Squadron)
Ismael Jorge García     Bahía Paraíso
Carlos Luis Alfonso    Guerrico
Horacio Bicairn        Santa Fé (submarine)
Bahía Paraíso arrived at Leith Harbour, South Georgia, without reference to local administration, 25 March, from a voyage to Argentine stations off the Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands and South Sandwich Islands, with special forces, military supplies and equipment to establish a garrison there. On 3 April Bahía Paraíso and Guerrico (arrived 1 April) attacked the British Antarctic Survey scientific station at King Edward Point which was defended by Royal Marines landed from HMS Endurance on 31 March. Later that day the Royal Marines and civilians surrendered to Argentine forces, were imprisoned aboard Bahía Paraíso, eventually taken to Argentina, and subsequently released in Uruguay. On South Georgia Argentine garrisons were at Leith Harbour and King Edward Point; British civilian parties remained at Bird Island, Lyell Glacier, Saint Andrews Bay, and Schlieper Bay field stations. The invaders at King Edward Point surrendered to the Royal Navy on 25 April, those at Leith Harbour did so on the 26th, and were removed. Four Argentine service men were killed during the invasion and surrender. Santa Fé (arrived 24 April) and Phoenix (a landing craft) were sunk. A British garrison was subsequently maintained on the island until 24 March 2001.

Nicholas John Barker   HMS Endurance
Brian Gilmore Young    HMS Antrim
John Francis Coward    HMS Brilliant
Christopher Louis Wreford-Brown        HMS Conqueror
David Pentreath        HMS Plymouth
Anthony Morton HMS Yarmouth
Samuel C. Dunlop       RFA Fort Austin
G. P. Overbury RFA Olmeda
Christopher J. Blight  RFA Regent
Shane Redmond  RFA Tidespring
Alan J. Stockwell      Salvageman
P. Rimmer      Yorkshireman
Conqueror (a nuclear powered submarine) and the Royal Air Force inspected South Georgia; other vessels reached the island from 20 April; Argentine positions surveyed; Argentines aboard the submarine Santa Fé (Capt. Horacio Bicairn) and at the garrison on King Edward Point (commanded by Luis C. Lagos) surrendered, 25 April; those at Leith Harbour (commanded by Alfredo Ignacio Astiz) did so the next morning. Argentine military prisoners (146) and civilian deportees (39 salvage workers) were released in Uruguay. Subsequently the harbours of South Georgia were used by British naval and other vessels engaged in the operations against the Argentine forces in the Falkland Islands. Meteorological observations were re-established by British military personnel at King Edward Point.

Nicholas John Barker   HMS Endurance
Anthony Morton HMS Yarmouth
G. P. Overbury RFA Olmeda
Alan J. Stockwell      Salvageman
Following use of the Argentine naval station in the invasion of South Georgia this fleet proceeded to Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands; Commander Enrique Peralta Martínez surrendered the station, personnel were removed and the station closed, 20 June.

(Britain); the committee, chaired by Edward Arthur Alexander, Lord Shackleton, that prepared the 1976 report on the Falkland Islands and Dependencies (q.v.) reconvened to prepare a revised report, published in September 1982, which took into consideration the effects of the Argentine invasion and changed world economic circumstances.

Martin John Baker and Mark Peter David Lewis ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
David Michael Rootes and Alan Wooton ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and Ian William Lovegrove ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Robert Edward Bowler ■ and Douglas George Allan ■
(‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf; 3rd and 4th stations)
(Commanders for summer and 1983 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Paul Goodall-Copestake (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1983 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
New station constructed 12 km from existing ‘Halley’ to replace it from 1983-84. Field station at Fossil Bluff, Alexander Island, open for summer. King Edward Point station inspected and Bird Island station reopened in September 1982, personnel transported aboard HMS Hecate (Christopher Stafford Gobey). [Bird Island resumed normal operations, King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison against possible Argentine attack.]

Colin Laird MacGregor  HMS Endurance
Christopher Stafford Gobey     HMS Hecate
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Orkney Islands (Signy Island and Laurie Island), and South Sandwich Islands (19 December 1982). Found an Argentine flag flying at the closed station on Southern Thule (1983, q.v.). Civil Commissioner of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, Sir Rex Masterman Hunt, visited South Georgia, March, aboard Endurance. [There were regular visits by British naval vessels to the Falkland Islands Dependencies in the period following the Argentine invasion; these relieved the South Georgia garrison, inspected the area, and conducted hydrographic surveys. Royal Air Force aircraft regularly flew from Falkland Islands to patrol the region and supply the garrison.]

Rolf Hochgrebe (‘Georg von Neumayer’, Ekströmisen; Leader for summer and 1983 winter)
Gotthilf Hempel (Scientific Leader)
Lothar Suhrmeyer       Polarbjørn
Heinz Kohnen (Scientific Leader)
Arne Verpeide  Polarstern
Franz Tessensohn (Scientific Leader)
Magnar Aklestad        Polar Queen
‘Filchner’ (Ronne Ice Shelf) and ‘Lillie-Marleen’ (Oates Land) stations open for summer; geological investigation of north Victoria Land and oceanographic survey of the Weddell Sea continued. Polarbjørn visited South Georgia, March 1983. Geological survey made in eastern Dronning Maud Land.

Pieter Benjimin Esterhuizen (Marion Island [40], from May 1983)
Richard Rioley Seton (Gough Island [28], from October 1982)
Carl Arnold Vermooten (‘SANAE III’ [24], Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst, from January 1983)
(Leaders for summer and 1983 winter)
William MacDonald Leith        S.A. Agulhas
New geological field station, ‘Sarie Marais’, established at Grunehogna (72∙05°S, 02∙82°W), Ahlmannryggen. S.A. Agulhas visited South Sandwich Islands, January 1983, and made a voyage in July 1983 for investigation of the South Atlantic ionospheric anomaly. 30 MHz riometer installed on Gough Island. Prince Edward Island biological research continued. Two automatic meteorological stations installed on Bouvetøya. SAS President Pretorius visited Marion Island, 18 December 1982, for a medical evacuation; S.A. Agulhas also visited in June and November 1983.

Hasse Nilsson  Lindblad Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia, and Ross Sea regions; Lindblad Explorer also visited South Sandwich Islands (landed on Zavodovski Island and Candlemas Island, January 1983), Peter I Ø, Macquarie Island, Auckland Islands and Campbell Island, and made 3 cruises from King George Island under charter to a Chilean company.

Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Philippe Cardis        Graham (France)
Rolf Bjelke    Northern Light (Sweden)
Willy de Roos  Williwaw (Belgium)
Graham and Damien II visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula; at latter they sailed to 68∙35°S on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, mountaineering and flying a 2-man ‘microlight’ aircraft; both continued to South Georgia. Northern Light and Williwaw visited South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The launch, Albatros, was wrecked during winter. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government.

David Evans    HMS Ariadne
John Wilkins   RFA Tidespring
Following discovery of the Argentine flag flying at the closed Argentine station on Southern Thule, and considering its involvement in the invasion of South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, these vessels visited South Sandwich Islands to destroy the station, with the exception of one refuge hut (‘Teniente Esquivel’), 1 to 4 February. [Subsequent investigation has indicated that it was not an Argentine vessel which was responsible for the flag on Thule Island.]

Mark Peter David Lewis and Peter David Cotton ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
David Michael Rootes and Edward Clark Garrett Lemon ■
(‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and Peter James Cleary ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Colin Douglas Nicol ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1984 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Robert Lidstone Scott (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1984 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
New ‘Halley’ [4] station completed and operating, February 1984. Fossil Bluff field station open for summer and a hut built on Rasmussen Island. Geological investigations of Ellsworth Mountains, Whitmore Mountains, and Patuxent Range began in association with United States Antarctic Program. Offshore Biological Programme operated near South Georgia during winter. Many Soviet Union and Polish trawlers noted operating around South Orkney Islands.

Colin Laird MacGregor  HMS Endurance
Based at Falkland Islands, visited the Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands (including Southern Thule), and South Georgia; Sir Rex Masterman Hunt (Civil Commissioner and High Commissioner) and Robert Fox (British Broadcasting Corporation correspondent) were aboard for one voyage.

Graham Christian Clarke [March 1984 to July 1984] and
Ernst Rossouw [July 1984 to May 1985] (Marion Island [41])
Roelf Johannes van Rooyen (Gough Island [29], from August 1983)
Malcolm David Hiom (‘SANAE III’ [25], Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst, from January 1984)
(Leaders for summer and 1984 winter)
William MacDonald Leith        S.A. Agulhas
Survey made of Sverdrupfjella and Borgmassivet region. S.A. Agulhas also transported personnel to German (BRD) ‘Georg von Neumayer’ station; visited Bouvetøya and South Sandwich Islands (landed on Zavodovski Island and Montagu Island, 26 January 1984); with Africana participated in ‘Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks’ programmes, from March to April 1984; S.A. Agulhas worked along Mac. Robertson Land and Enderby Land where helicopter landings were made at ‘Mawson’ station, Fold Island, Taylor Glacier, and Proclamation Island for ornithological work; Africana also visited Gough Island. Biological research continued on Prince Edward Island. Hercules aircraft dropped medical supplies to Marion Island and SAS Protea made a medical evacuation of the station leader, July 1984.

Nikolay Ivanovich Tyabin (in command of summer operations)
Lev Valer’yanovich Bulatov (‘Molodezhnaya’, Enderby Land; in command of winter operations)
Nikolay Kuz’mich Dmitriyev (‘Mirnyy’, Queen Mary Land)
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Stepanov (‘Vostok’, South Geomagnetic Pole)
Vladimir Yevgen’yevich Shirshov (‘Novolazarevskaya’, Schirmacheroasen)
Oleg Nikolayevich Struin (‘Bellingsgausen’, King George Island)
Pavel Maksimovich Nikolayev (‘Leningradskaya’, Oates Land)
Vladimir Borisovich Usov (‘Russkaya’, Marie Byrd Land)
(Leaders for summer and 1984 winter)
Gennadiy Sergeyevich Buyanov   Baykal
Grigoriy Solomonovich Matusevich       Kapitan Gotskiy
Mikhail Yermolayevich Mikhaylov        Mikhail Somov
Yuriy Georgiyevich Burmistrov  Professor Vize
Valeriy Alekseyevich Sarapunin Pioner Estonii
Marat Grigor’yevich Kobylyanskiy       Akademik Krylov
‘Druzhnaya’ (Filchner Ice Shelf), ‘Druzhnaya II’ (Ronne Ice Shelf), and ‘Soyuz’ (Prince Charles Mountains) stations open for summer; survey of Berkner Island made from the former. Traverse made from ‘Molodezhnaya’ to Dome Circe for glaciological research; borehole made at ‘Vostok’, 2083 m deep. Geological and limnological investigation made at Gruberfjella in cooperation with German (DDR) team. Landed on Peter I Ø, October 1983, plaque commemorating Fabian Gottlieb Benjamin von Bellingshausen left. Nuclear power source introduced to supply automatic geomagnetic observatory inland from ‘Mirnyy’ (the radioactive core is renewed annually). Three Cuban scientists wintered at ‘Molodezhnaya’. Baykal also visited South Georgia.

Edward P. Todd (Program Director, National Science Foundation)
Brian Hall Shoemaker (Commander; Naval Support Force, Antarctica)
William J. Beary (‘McMurdo’, Ross Island; Senior Naval Officer, 1984 winter)
Robert Hurtig (‘Amundsen-Scott’, South Pole)
Philip Colbert (‘Palmer’, Anvers Island)
(Leaders for 1984 winter)
Bruce S. Little        USCGC Polar Sea
Pieter J. Lenie        Hero
Emerson Hiller Knorr
Robert W. Haines       Melville
Francis James Honke    USCGC Westwind
Henry H. Church        USNS Maumee
Bjørn J. Werring      USNS Southern Cross
Landing ground constructed at Marble Point (77∙43°S, 163∙53°E); ‘Siple’ station, Ellsworth Land, closed, January 1984; new ‘Byrd [II]’ summer station, mounted on sledges deployed. Palaeontological examination of Seymour Island continued; geological survey made of Mount Siple, Marie Byrd Land. Oceanographic investigations near South Georgia and in the Scotia Sea made from Melville. Swiss glaciological team worked from the South Pole. Hero was withdrawn from service after 16 Antarctic summers. Westwind was severely damaged by ice off Larsen Ice Shelf, 1 January 1984.

Leif Skog and Hasse Nilsson    Lindblad Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Both vessels made 3 cruises from South America; visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia; each also made a fourth cruise to the Ross Sea, Balleny Islands, Campbell Island and Auckland Islands. Both ships landed tourists on Peter I Ø. [After this summer Lindblad Explorer was sold and renamed Society Explorer.]

Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Jean-Jacques Argoud    F’Murr (France)
A. Pasgualini  Koala (France)
Yannick Trancart       Mazeppa (France)
Rolf Bjelke    Northern Light (Sweden)
Mark Hammond   Wayfarer IV (New Zealand)
Damien visited South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and South Orkney Islands; Koala visited South Georgia; Wayfarer IV visited Macquarie Island, Campbell Island, and Auckland Islands; the others visited South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, Falkland Islands, and adjacent regions. [The frequency of private yacht cruises increased greatly from this summer, especially near South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula, several carried tourist parties.]

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Government.

Rodney De Forges Browne        HMS Herald
Visited South Georgia, May and July, conducting hydrographic surveys; John Stanley, British Minister for the Armed Forces, was aboard for a voyage and inspected the garrison and facilities on the island.

Ian Turnbull
Visited South Georgia, conducted biological and geological investigations in the region around Royal Bay, 7 October to 24 December. Transported by Royal Navy vessels.

Peter David Cotton and Peter Radford Stark ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
David Michael Rootes and Richard Andrew Price ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and Andrew George Speary ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Leonard Raymond Airey ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1985 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Robert Lidstone Scott (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1985 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
?      RRS Discovery
Fossil Bluff and Hope Bay stations open for summer. United States Antarctic Program ornithological party worked at Saint Andrews Bay, South Georgia, supported by the Survey. Canadian engineers inspected ‘Rothera’ station for preparation of a rock-based landing ground. Geophysical survey of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula continued. Oceanographic survey in the Weddell Sea made from Discovery. John Biscoe participated in ‘Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks’ programmes and the ‘Offshore Biological Programme’ around South Georgia. Geological party worked in the Jones Mountains and on Thurston Island also in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program.

Colin Laird MacGregor  HMS Endurance
Based at Falkland Islands, visited the Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands (conducted an aerial reconnaissance), and South Georgia; Gordon Wesley Jewkes (Civil Commissioner and High Commissioner) was aboard for one voyage.

Hasse Nilsson  Society Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Vessels visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia.

Gerald S. Clark        Totorore
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, South Sandwich Islands, Bouvetøya, Prince Edward Islands (some of those aboard repatriated from Marion Island), Iles Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, McDonald Islands, and Heard Island; also called at Cape Town, and Perth; conducted ornithological surveys during the voyage. [Clark was the only participant for the entire voyage, crew engaged for various portions of the voyage.]

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by the Falkland Islands Dependencies or South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government.

Interim Administration Act of 1982 repealed and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order made, 20 March, came into force 3 October. The designation Falkland Islands Dependencies was abolished and replaced by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, and defined as all territories between 20°W and 50°W from 50°S to 60°S (thus also including Shag Rocks). A Commissioner, resident in the Falkland Islands, was designated to administer this territory. [The Commissioner also remained the Governor of the Falkland Islands and High Commissioner of British Antarctic Territory.]

first issue published in Stanley, Falkland Islands, December.

(Exercise ‘Green Skua’)
Roger T. Morgan-Grenville
A party of 13 from the garrison at King Edward Point, South Georgia, crossed the island following Sir Ernest Shackleton’s route (1914-16, q.v.) from King Haakon Bay to Stromness Bay.

Peter Radford Stark and Martin Dowson ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Ian William Lovegrove and Neil Leslie Rose ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and Ashley Clarke Morton ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
John Michael Roscoe ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1986 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Mark John O’Connell (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1986 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Damoy Point and Fossil Bluff stations open for summer. John Biscoe was caught in ice off Adelaide Island and abandoned, but a change in conditions allowed the vessel to be recovered and programmes continued. James Ross Island palaeontological survey undertaken and geologists also worked on Livingston Island. Offshore Biological Programme operated for 3 months off South Georgia (6th summer); terrestrial biological studies also made on the island with a base at Husvik. Bransfield supplied fuel to ‘Georg von Neumayer’ station. Geological party worked a second summer in Target Hill region, in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program.

Christopher Patrick Charles McLaren    HMS Endurance
Based at Falkland Islands, visited South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands (continued the aerial reconnaissance), and South Georgia; Gordon Wesley Jewkes (Commissioner and High Commissioner) was aboard for one voyage.

?      Mys Juno
?      Gizhiga
?      Mys Ostrovsky
?      Lazarev More
Vessels conducted krill, fisheries, and hydrological research, in conjunction with the Soviet fishing fleets, around Terre Adélie, Falkland Islands, Shag Rocks, South Georgia, and Iles Kerguelen.

Werner Wolkersdorfer   Society Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Former vessel visited Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island, South Georgia, and South Sandwich Islands; the latter South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia, Peter I Ø, and Ross Sea regions.

Capt. Yoshi    Aomi (Japan)
Jean-Joseph Terrier    Belle-Étoile (France)
Olivier Troalen        Cocorli (France)
Francesco Battiston    Jancris (Italy)
Jacques Auvray Jamo (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotick (France)
Thomas J. Watson       Palawan (United States)
Patrick Jourdan        Rapa-Nui (France)
Barry Lewis    Riquita (Australia)
Frédéric André    Skua (France)
Riquita visited Cape Adare region and Commonwealth Bay, Skua South Georgia, Jamo Iles Crozet and Ile Saint-Paul, Jancris Tristan da Cunha and Ile Saint-Paul (on a voyage to Italian communities throughout the world); the others Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and South Georgia regions.

Jérôme Poncet     Damien II
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, and South Orkney Islands; chartered for transporting scientists making biological and geological investigation of coasts of several of these regions by British Antarctic Survey.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government.

A. K. Ross, from HMS Hermione, made an ornithological survey of Albatross Island, Bay of Isles, April (the ship was one regularly supplying the garrison at King Edward Point).

Krister Brood
Four-man party, from Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, collected birds at Falkland Islands and South Georgia; transported by the Royal Navy.

Peter Radford Stark and David Mitchell ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Ian William Lovegrove and Richard Andrew Price ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and William Kenneth Dark ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Paul Michael Aslin ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1987 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Simon Neil Delaney (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1987 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Damoy Point and Fossil Bluff stations open for summer. Over 200 landings made along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula for geological collections, this included a palaeontological survey of the Trinity Peninsula based at Hope Bay; volcanologists on Deception Island. Biological party, based at Husvik worked on South Georgia and included men from the Sea Mammals Research Unit. Offshore Biological Programme operated off South Georgia and in Stromness Bay (7th summer). Glaciological examination made of Rutford Ice Stream. Geological party worked a second summer in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program along Black Coast region.

Hein D. van Bohemen
Visited South Georgia, conducted a variety of investigations on Barff Peninsula; transported by the Royal Navy.

Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski and Jack Green (scientific leaders for first and second voyages)
?      Profesor Siedlecki
First voyage was for Polska Morska Naukowa [Polish Academy of Sciences] ‘Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks’ investigations. Vessel then leased by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, undertook ichthyological investigations around South Georgia and South Shetland Islands.

?      Mys Juno
?      Gizhiga
?      Eureka
?      Skif
?      Fiolent
?      Kronometer
Vessels continued krill, fisheries, and hydrological research, in conjunction with the Soviet fishing fleets, on the Southern Ocean around South Georgia, Iles Kerguelen, and other areas.

Eduardo Balguerías Guerra (Chief Scientist)
Manuel Ríos Caeiro      Nuevo Alocero
Juan López      Pescapuerta IV
Instituto Español de Oceanografía party investigated fisheries potential of the islands around the Scotia Sea and South Shetland Islands, visited Shag Rocks, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, and South Orkney Islands, November 1986 to February 1987.

Werner Wolkersdorfer   Society Explorer
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
South Georgia. World Discoverer also landed 130 tourists on Peter I Ø, January 1987, when Aurora (Bernt Einar Steinsland, 1986-87, q.v.) visited.

William Reid Stowe     Anne (United States)
Georges Meffre Antarès (France)
Jacques Auvray Jamo (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotick (France)
?      Leisurely Leo (Britain)
Patrick Leclerq        Mata Hiva (France)
Richard Thomas Northanger (Britain)
Warren James Brown     War Baby (Bermuda)
Antarès and Jamo visited Ile Saint-Paul; the others visited the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands; Mata Hiva also visited South Georgia.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government.

Peter Radford Stark and Sean Brian Crane ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Ian William Lovegrove and Phillip Walter James Smith ■
(‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and Peter Timothy Marquis ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Brian William Newham ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1988 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Anthony David Williams (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1988 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
P. McDermott   RRS Discovery
Marine and terrestrial biological parties worked at Stromness Bay, South Georgia. Biological and geological investigation made at Deception Island. Geological investigation of relationships between Greater and Lesser Antarctica made in conjunction with United States Antarctic Program. Discovery continued a geophysical survey in the Scotia Sea and off the Antarctic Peninsula with a special investigation of the environmental effects of seismic sounding. Conjugate ionosphere project established at ‘Halley’ in cooperation with the National Science Foundation (United States). Two Bulgarian geologists accompanied the expedition and investigated sites for a station on Alexander Island.

Thomas Lacey Murray Sunter     HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

Zbigniew Ossinski      Profesor Siedlecki
Polish vessel, leased by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration undertook ichthyological investigations around South Georgia and South Shetland Islands.

?      Río Baker
Capt. Mindrinos        Illiria
Heinz Aye      Society Explorer
Rüdiger Hannemann and Heinz Aye   World Discoverer
Society Explorer and World Discoverer made 9 Antarctic cruises each; visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. Illiria (on charter from a Greek company) and Río Baker (from Chile) visited South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula.

Roger Swanson  Cloud Nine (United States)
Oleg Bely      Kotick (France)
Patrick Feron  Nouanni (France)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Hernán Alvarez Forn     Pequod (Argentina)
Edward Gillette        Sea Tomato (United States)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula; Pelagic also reached South Georgia and carried an Italian mountaineering expedition led by Marco Morosini; Sea Tomato was rowed across Drake Passage and left at South Shetland Islands from where complement relieved by Chilean airforce (the vessel was not fitted out as a yacht).

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government.

Peter Radford Stark and Mark Sidney Cranney ■ ‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Ian William Lovegrove and Stephen Bancroft ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
John Hall and Ashley Clarke Morton ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Donald Stewart ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1989 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Michael Robert Rhys Jones (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1989 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
P. Moore and S. Mayle  RRS Charles Darwin
Fossil Bluff and Damoy Point open for summer; marine and terrestrial biological parties continued work at Stromness Bay, South Georgia. Geological investigation of relationships between Greater and Lesser Antarctica made in conjunction with United States Antarctic Program. Antarctic Treaty inspection of several stations conducted.

Thomas Lacey Murray Sunter     HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions. Carried a joint British and New Zealand party which conducted Antarctic Treaty inspections of 11 stations. Vessel sustained damage in an ice collision, 7 February 1989, and was assisted by Stena Seaspread.

Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski and Inigo Everson (scientific leaders, first and second voyages)
Zbigniew Ossinski      Profesor Siedlecki
First voyage investigated biology and oceanography along the ice edge between Elephant Island and South Orkney Islands. Second voyage worked around South Georgia.

William Stubblefield   Surveyor
Continued previous year’s work for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, undertook ichthyological and krill investigations around South Georgia and South Shetland Islands.

?      Antonina Nezhdanova
?      Cruz de Froward
A. Parisis     Illiria
Ralf Zander and Karl-Ulrich Lampe      Society Explorer
Mark Hammond   Tradewind
?      Wildhaditurm
Heinz Aye      World Discoverer
Society Explorer and World Discoverer made 9 Antarctic cruises each; visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. Antonina Nezhdanova (chartered Soviet Union vessel) and Illiria (chartered Greek vessel) visited South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula; Cruz de Froward (Chile) visited eastern part of Dronning Maud Land from Cape Town for a filming reconnaissance. Tradewind made several cruises from New Zealand to Campbell Island and Auckland Islands, issued fabricated postage stamps.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government.

the Commissioner issued the ‘Territorial Sea Order’ (1995 of 1989), 1 November 1989, which came into force on 1 January 1990, and extended the territorial limit to 12 nautical miles [22∙22 km, see also 1993].

Peter Radford Stark and Alasdair John Gilbertson ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Ian William Lovegrove and Jeremy Glyn Colman ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
Peter Timothy Marquis and William Kenneth Dark ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Adrian Paul Bateman ■ and Andrew John O’Sullivan ■ (‘Halley’ 4 and 5, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1990 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Timothy Roy Barton (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1990 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Göran Tidholm     Columbia Land
Fossil Bluff station open for summer; construction of ‘Halley’ 5 station continued, both new and old stations occupied for winter. New runway on Adelaide Island near ‘Rothera’ constructed, men and equipment transported aboard Columbia Land [formerly Stena Arctica]. Field hut built on Lagoon Island, near ‘Rothera’ station.

Norman Richard Hodgson HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

Svein Mathiesen and Bjørn Basberg
Geir A. Olsen  Andenes
Separate party from Norsk Polarinstitutt worked at Husvik and other South Georgia whaling stations involved in reindeer studies and industrial archaeology.

Julian Freeman-Atwood
Private expedition made a reconnaissance of South Georgia to examine possibilities of adventure and travel experience.

I. Pittas      Illiria
?      Nordbrise
Ralf Zander    Society Explorer
Karl-Ulrich Lampe and Heinz Aye        World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government.

?      Africana
Visited South Sandwich Islands, deployed automatic meteorological stations on Thule Island and Zavodovski Island, February (with permission of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government); continued to Signy Island and Elephant Island, March.

Peter Radford Stark and Iain Thomas Goodfellow ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Nicholas Ievers Cox and Gregory Mark Wilkinson ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
Peter Timothy Marquis and Steven James McManus ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Philip Ian Clarke ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1991 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Gordon Malcolm Liddle (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1991 winter)
Edmund Malcolm Stuart Phelps and
Christopher Robert Elliott     RRS John Biscoe
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Biological and geological parties worked on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, sealers’ relics also investigated. Geological survey and volcanological survey of Marie Byrd Land, in cooperation with New Zealand and United States scientists continued. Summer party continued biological work from Husvik, South Georgia; Swedish party of 14 led by Anders Karlqvist also based there January to February 1991, travelled aboard chartered vessel Polar Circle (I. Slettevoll). Fisheries survey made around South Georgia and Shag Rocks from Falklands Protector.

D. L. Deakin   HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

(from Portsmouth)
Lyle Cragie-Halkett
Nigel Miller   Throsk
Marine Salvage Services, under contract to South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government and Christian Salvesen and Company removed fuel oil (taken aboard Copemar 1 from Uruguay) and other contaminants from the abandoned whaling stations Grytviken, Husvik, Stromness, and Leith, on South Georgia. William Nigel Bonner inspected the operations and establishment of a South Georgia Whaling Museum at Grytviken.

Keith Swenson [New Zealand] (Cape Evans, Leader for 1991 winter)
Arne Jacob Sorensen    Gondwana
Private expedition organized from the Netherlands, relieved the station at Cape Evans; also visited Peter I Ø, Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands,and South Georgia; summer camp deployed on King George Island.

Robert Jones (Marion Island [48], from April 1991)
Johannes Erasmus Möller (Gough Island [36], from September 1990)
George McFie (‘SANAE III’ [32], Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst, from December 1990)
(Leaders for summer and 1991 winter)
William MacDonald Leith and
Henk Toxopeus  S.A. Agulhas
‘Sarie Marais’ station open for summer. Geological survey of Sverdrupfjella, Ahlmannryggen, and Kirwanveggen regions continued. S.A. Agulhas visited the automatic meteorological stations on Southern Thule and Zavodovski Island, South Sandwich Islands, January 1991. SAS Drakensburg also reached ‘SANAE’ undertaking helicopter operations, returned the winter party and that from ‘Georg von Neumayer’; called at Bouvetøya. Drakensburg visited Marion Island for a winter medical evacuation, June 1991.

?      Europa
Heinz Aye      Frontier Spirit
?      Illiria
Leif Skog and A. N. Beig       Ocean Princess
I. Slettevoll  Polar Circle
Ralf Zander    Society Explorer
Karl-Ulrich Lampe and Olaf Hartmann    World Discoverer
Frontier Spirit visited Terre Adélie, Campbell Island, Auckland Islands, and Ross Sea regions where a summer camp and helicopter base was established for a photographic company near Ross Island (which operated for 3 weeks). Other 6 vessels visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators estimated 1055 passengers were carried.

Bertrand Dubois        Baltazar (France)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul (France)
Bernard Espinet        Croustet (France)
Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Bernhardt Diebold      Diel (Germany)
Fabian Poncet  Farewell (France)
Olivier Pauffin de Saint-Morel Kekilistrion (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Jean-Pierre Danjoun    Passage (France)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Hernán Atila    Rapa-Nui (Brasil)
Tatesumu Kidokoro      Red Sun (Japan)
Wolfgang Kloss Santa Maria (Germany)
Keith Clement  Sol (Australia)
Peder Krogh    Sorgenfri (Norway)
Mark Hammond   Tradewind (New Zealand)
Visited South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions; Tradewind visited Campbell Island, Auckland Islands, and Macquarie Island. South Georgia was visited by a South African Mountain Club party aboard Diel, a Swiss film party aboard Sol, Damien II and Farewell. Several yachts carried tourist parties. [The frequency of chartering of private yachts by tourist groups, private expeditions, and other parties increased greatly from this summer, especially near South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula.]

Erich Wilts    Freydis (Germany)
Rolf Bjelke    Northern Light (Sweden)
Cristophe Houdaille    Saturnin (France)
Vessels wintered at Deception Island, Hovgaard Island, and South Georgia respectively; Freydis partly crushed by ice, complement wintered in the Argentine summer station until rescued by the Argentine navy.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued; John Caradoc Jones (Harbour Master) and Jan Mills (Royal Marines) ascended Mount Paget, 18 February. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. The catamaran Travel Crest Seawave, abandoned off Cabo de Hornos, was washed ashore near Kupriyanov Islands, wreck visited by Pascal Grinberg aboard yacht C. Flat Scherzo (France).

Richard Clements
Visited South Georgia, used sea kayaks to investigate the south eastern portions of the island; transported aboard Royal Navy vessels.

David Mitchell and Stephen Jones ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Neil Stephen Gilbert and Brian Mallon ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
Alan Campbell Osborne and Michael David Powell ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Brian William Newham and Ewan Scott Hunter ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1992 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
John Cooper (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1992 winter)
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Nicholas Anthony Beer  RRS James Clark Ross
Biological party continued work on South Georgia based at Husvik whaling station. Hope Bay station (‘Base D’) visited and maintained.

Robert Milligan Turner HMS Polar Circle
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions. [HMS Polar Circle, chartered from the Norwegian Coast Guard, replaced HMS Endurance.]

?      Akademik Boris Petrov
?      Columbus Caravelle
?      Daphne
Heinz Aye and Leif Skog        Frontier Spirit
Daskalakis Themistoklis        Illiria
Pierre de la Rey       Ocean Princess
Valeriy Maksimov       Professor Molchanov
Heinz Aye      Society Explorer
Raimund Krüger    Vistamar
Karl-Ulrich Lampe      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia; Frontier Spirit landed a party of over 100 tourists on Cooper Island (a Specially Protected Area). Landing by Peter Harrison from Society Explorer made on Shag Rocks by inflatable craft, climbed to the summit of the main outcrop, 71 m, 26 December 1991. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators estimated 4150 passengers were carried. [From this season chartered Russian vessels became a major carrier of tourists to the Antarctic.]

Jean Collet    Antarctica (France)
William Kerr   Assent (Britain)
Bertrand Dubois        Baltazar (France)
Sue-Anne Colding       Betelgeuse (United States)
Pascal Grinberg        C. Flat Scherzo (France)
Roger Swanson  Cloud Nine (United States)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul (France)
Timothy Carr   Curlew (Britain)
Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Pertti Duweker Merivoukka (Finland)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Rudolf Krautschneider  Polarka (Czechoslovakia)
Geoffrey Payne Skookum (Canada)
Eerde Beulakker        Teake Hadewych (Netherlands)
Erich Barde    Theorus (Switzerland)
Mark Hammond   Tradewind (New Zealand)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions. Polarka visited Prince Edward Islands, Heard Island, Iles Crozet, and Iles Kerguelen. Several yachts carried tourist parties. [Antarctica was formerly U.A.P.]

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government.

Christian Salvesen and Company (Britain) relinquished its leases of Grytviken, Husvik, Stromness, Leith, and Prince Olav Harbour whaling stations to South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, 27 February. These were the last Antarctic whaling leases.

William Nigel Bonner
Party of 4 continued work on South Georgia Whaling Museum at Grytviken, January to February and November to December; transported by Royal naval vessels. Over 250 visitors were received at the museum in the first 6 weeks of 1992.

?      Pro Surveyor
Surveyed crab (Paralomis spinissima and P. formosa) concentrations around Shag Rocks and South Georgia, 10 July to 1 August.

David Mitchell and Derek Goodwin ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Neil Stephen Gilbert and Russell Manning ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
Alan Campbell Osborne and Stephen Thomas Dow ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Robert Weight ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1993 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Keith Reid (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1993 winter)
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Nicholas Anthony Beer  RRS James Clark Ross
‘Halley 4’ station dissembled and closed, biological party continued work on South Georgia based at Husvik whaling station. ‘Polar Anglo-American Conjugate Experiment’ in ionospherics established at ‘Halley’ with a conjugate point in Goose Bay (Canada). Transported a Swedish geological party which worked on James Ross Island.

Robert Milligan Turner HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions. Antarctic Treaty inspection of stations and ships conducted jointly with Korea (Seoul) and Italian representatives. [HMS Polar Circle was renamed HMS Endurance.]

Bjørn Basberg
Party from Norsk Polarinstitutt continued industrial archaeology survey at South Georgia (Grytviken). Transport provided by the Royal Navy.

Hamilton Carter        Abel-J
Private expeditions chartered this vessel; a radio amateur expedition to Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands; the British Broadcasting Corporation for South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula; and some other groups.

Valeriy Beluga Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Yevgeniy K. Balashov   Columbus Caravelle
?      Europa
Uli Demel      Explorer
Heinz Aye      Frontier Spirit
?      Illiria
Piotr Golikov  Kapitan Khlebnikov
?      Northern Ranger
George Zachaarakis     Ocean Princess
?      Pacific Ruby
Valeriy Maksimov       Professor Molchanov
Karl-Ulrich Lampe and Ralf Zander      World Discoverer
Akademik Sergey Vavilov and Columbus Caravelle visited Ross Sea regions, Macquarie Island, Campbell Island, and Auckland Islands, Kapitan Khlebnikov had also called at several Indian Ocean islands; others visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia; last one visited Auckland Islands and Campbell Island. Scott Polar Research Institute group transported to Antarctic Peninsula sites. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 6704 passengers carried on 59 cruises. [Explorer was formerly Society Explorer.]

Donald McIntyre        Buttercup (Australia)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
?      Dahu (Switzerland)
Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Didier Forest  Diva (France)
Erich Wilts    Freydis (Germany)
John Hendly    Iniquity (Australia)
Dick Kroopmans Jantine (Netherlands)
Olivier Pauffin de Saint-Morel Kekilistrion (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Christine Darde        Mari-Stella (France)
Harald Voss    Moritz D (Germany)
Hugues Delignières      Oviri (France)
Alan Sendall   Peggotty (New Zealand)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Rudolf Krautschneider  Polarka (Czechoslovakia)
Jantine visited Iles Kerguelen, Buttercup and Iniquity Commonwealth Bay; others visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions, Diva visited these and South Orkney Islands also; Pelagic was chartered by ‘Greenpeace’ organization and several yachts carried tourists.

Timothy Carr   Curlew (Britain)
Wintered on South Georgia, employed by South Georgia Whaling Museum, Grytviken [later South Georgia Museum]. Curlew was removed from South Georgia in 2003 but Tim and Pauline Carr remained on the island.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. The Commissioner, David Everard Tatham, made an inspection visit, December.

the Commissioner issued a ‘Proclamation (Maritime Zone)’ (1 of 1993), 7 May, which established a 200 nautical mile [370 km] limit around these territories.

Michael Ernest Dinn and Duncan Haigh ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Neil Stephen Gilbert and Martin Clive Davey ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
Paul Ian Rose and Stephen Rumble ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Leslie Peter Whittamore and Brian Mallon ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1994 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Nicholas Huin (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1994 winter)
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Nicholas Anthony Beer  RRS James Clark Ross
Biological party continued work on South Georgia based at Husvik whaling station. Sledge dogs removed from Antarctica. Ukrainian representative conveyed to survey ‘Faraday’ station.

David Alan Phillips    HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions; supported British Antarctic Survey operations on the Filchner Ice Shelf and Berkner Island (reached 77∙56°S at 35∙13°W).

Friedrich Schuster (‘Neumayer’, Ekströmisen; Leader for summer and 1994 winter)
Ernst-Peter Greve and C. Allers        Polarstern
Station relieved, Polarstern visited South Georgia.

?      Africana
Visited South Georgia, March 1994.

?      Cordella
Vessel, chartered by the government, undertook a fisheries survey around South Georgia.

Nikolay Apekhtin       Akademik Ioffe
Capt. Kalishnikov      Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Heinz Aye      Bremen
Yevgeniy K. Balashov   Columbus Caravelle
Uli Demel and Leif Skog        Explorer
Mark Hammond   Geomarine
Hartwig von Harling    Hanseatic
Viktor Vasilyev        Kapitan Khlebnikov
Eric Bjurstedt and Peter Letzen        Marco Polo
?      Northern Ranger
Gennadiy Ussopov       Professor Molchanov
?      Sagafjord
Karl-Ulrich Lampe and Ralf Zander      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. Kapitan Khlebnikov and Marco Polo sailed from the Antarctic Peninsula to Ross Sea regions, former landed passengers on Peter I Ø and Sturge Island, Balleny Islands. Geomarine visited Macquarie Island, Campbell Island and Auckland Islands. Scott Polar Research Institute group transported to Antarctic Peninsula sites. Akademik Ioffe was seized in Falkland Islands. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 7957 passengers carried on 65 cruises. [Explorer was formerly Society Explorer and Bremen was formerly Frontier Spirit.]

Im-Gyung Go (Korea [Seoul])
Ralph Fedor (United States)
Trevor Potts (Britain)
Norman D. Vaughan (United States)
Private journeys: Go and 4 others, transported by Adventure Network International, traversed from Patriot Hills to South Pole. Fedor led an amateur radio group which landed on Peter I Ø for 22 days from Kapitan Khlebnikov and collected aboard Akademik Fedorov. Potts and 3 others sailed a yacht Sir Ernest Shackleton (transported aboard Kapitan Khlebnikov) from Elephant Island to South Georgia where rescued by Royal Navy. Vaughan travelled with dogs to Patriot Hills aboard a DC-6 aircraft which crashed, 25 November 1993, personnel rescued by Adventure Network International, several animals escaped, subsequent attempt to reach the mountain prevented by weather.

Joachim Scheid Andromeda (Germany)
Jorge Trabuchi Callas (Argentina)
Josephine Hunter       Chanson de Lecq (Britain)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Robert Shepton Dodo’s Delight (Britain)
Steven Kafka   Evohe (New Zealand)
Erich Wilts    Freydis (Germany)
Olivier Pauffin de Saint-Morel Kekilistrion (France)
Jean Nydegger  Loca Lola (Switzerland)
Georges Meffre         Métapassion (Australia)
Harald Voss    Moritz D (Germany)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Olivier Carré   Popaye (France)
Lawrence Bailey        Shingebiss II (United States)
Warren James Brown     War Baby (Bermuda)
Anne-Lise Guy  Wild Flower (Australia)
Visited South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions; Chanson de Lecq and Moritz D visited South Georgia only; Evohe and War Baby The Snares, Auckland Islands, and Campbell Island; Wild Flower was abandoned on South Georgia, rescued and repaired by Royal Engineers, when sailed to South Africa, 1995. Several yachts carried tourist parties.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Work continued on South Georgia Whaling Museum, Grytviken; Jason Wright led ‘Exercise Southern Ice’, an army expedition which retraced Sir Ernest Shackleton’s route (1914-16, q.v.) and examined Busen Peninsula, March; Trevor Potts private expedition removed from the island by the Royal Navy. The Commissioner, David Everard Tatham, made an inspection visit, February. During the year fishing vessels registered in Bahamas, Bulgaria, Chile, Japan, Korea (Seoul), Panama, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine made over 32 visits to King Edward Cove.

Brian Derek Law        SAS Protea
Visited South Georgia, September, while laying weather buoys on the Southern Ocean.

Michael Ernest Dinn and Brian Mallon ■ (‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands)
Neil Stephen Gilbert and Michael Ernest Dinn ■ (‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands)
Paul Ian Rose and Paul Farmer ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Leslie Peter Whittamore ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1995 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Anthony Walker (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1994 winter)
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Michael Jeremy Stuart Burgan   RRS James Clark Ross
Stations relieved; observatory and scientific programme continued. Visit made to King Edward Point, South Georgia.

David Alan Phillips    HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

Johannes Lowenstein (‘Neumayer’, Ekströmisen; Leader for summer and 1995 winter)
Ernst-Peter Greve and C. Allers        Polarstern
Polarstern visited South Georgia. ‘Georg Forster’, ‘Filchner’ and ‘Gondwana’ stations open for summer.

Pieter J. Marthinus Smal (Marion Island [52], from August 1994)
Gert van Eeden (Gough Island [40], from August 1994)
(Leaders for summer and 1995 winter)
Jakobus Gustav Nel (‘SANAE III’, Kronprinsesse Märtha Kyst,
from December 1994; Leader for summer)
Kevin Denning  S.A. Agulhas
Jan Adriaan Jacobus Botha Vorster and
Anthony George Dalziel Absolom SAS Outeniqua
Relief of ‘SANAE III’ and construction of a replacement station (‘SANAE IV’) attempted but severe ice conditions forced closure for 1995 winter; ‘Sarie Marais’ station open for summer. Outeniqua visited South Sandwich Islands to renew the automatic meteorological stations on Southern Thule and Zavodovski Island, also visited Gough Island. Geological survey made in Hallgrenskarvet and Heksegryta regions. Biologists investigated Robertskollen, Ahlmannryggen, and Jutulsessen regions; Norwegian biologists collaborated in Swarthamaren.

?      Surveyor
Continued surveys for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, visited South Georgia.

J. Richard Farrell     Abel-J
Nikolay Apekhtin       Akademik Ioffe
Valeriy Beluga Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Nikolay Vinogradov     Akademik Shokalskiy
Vyacheslav Vasyuk      Alla Tarasova
Heinz Aye      Bremen
?      Eugenio C
?      Europa
Leif Skog      Explorer
Mark Hammond   Geomarine
Hartwig von Harling    Hanseatic
Viktor Terekhov        Kapitan Dranitsyn
Piotr Golikov  Kapitan Khlebnikov
Enn Soer       Livonia
Filip Kolesnikov       Professor Khromov
Gennadiy Ussopov       Professor Molchanov
?      Vistamar
Karl-Ulrich Lampe and Ralf Zander      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia, Eugenio C made no landings. Kapitan Khlebnikov sailed from Australia and New Zealand, to Ross Sea regions, landed passengers on Sturge Island, Balleny Islands; ran aground at Commonwealth Bay but was undamaged. Geomarine visited Macquarie Island, Campbell Island and Auckland Islands. Scott Polar Research Institute group transported to Antarctic Peninsula sites. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 8098 passengers carried on 93 cruises.

Peter Hill     Badger (Britain)
James Leonard  Beagle Start II (Britain)
Josephine Hunter       Chanson de Lecq (Britain)
Benoît Rouault   Chrysalide (France)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Isabelle Autissier     Ecureuil-Poitou-Charentes II (France)
John Ridgeway  English Rose VI (Britain)
Pascal Grinberg        Fernande (France)
Philippe Poupon        Fleur Australe (France)
Marcel Petter  Iaorana (Belgium)
Allan Jouning  Itasca (Cayman Islands)
Roberto Migliaccio     Jupiter (Britain)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Georges Meffre Métapassion (Australia)
Kim Lundgren   Metolius (Norway)
Rémi de Vivie   Pacome III (France)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Wolfgang Kloss Santa Maria (Germany)
Claude Houdaille       Saturnin (France)
Lawrence Bailey        Shingebiss II (United States)
Christopher West       Westri (United States)
Majority visited South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and vicinity; dogs introduced aboard Chrysalide and Iaorana. Pelagic carried a climbing party to South Georgia which ascended Mount Paget, 26 January 1995. Ecureuil-Poitou-Charentes II was damaged and called at Iles Kerguelen; Chanson de Lecq visited Ile Saint-Paul. Several yachts carried tourists.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. South Georgia Whaling Museum, Grytviken, open, restoration of the whalers’ church began. The Commissioner, David Everard Tatham, made an inspection visit, April.

Paul Ian Rose and Tudor John Oxford Morgan ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Barry John Stewart Morton ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1996 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Paul Humpidge (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1996 winter)
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Nicholas Anthony Beer  RRS James Clark Ross
‘Faraday’, Argentine Islands’, transferred to the Ukraine (renamed ‘Akademician Vernadskiy’), 6 February 1996, and ‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands, became a summer station (commander; Martin Clive Davey); field hut built on Léonie Island, near ‘Rothera’; Portal Point field hut removed for the Falkland Islands Museum.

Barry William Bryant   HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

Igor Viktorov  Akademik Boris Petrov
Nikolay Apekhtin       Akademik Ioffe
Valeriy Beluga Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Nikolay Vinogradov     Akademik Shokalskiy
Vyacheslav Vasyuk      Alla Tarasova
Heinz Aye      Bremen
Leif Skog and Uli Demel        Explorer
?      Hanseatic
Viktor Vasilyev        Kapitan Khlebnikov
Enn Soer       Livonia
Eric Bjurstedt Marco Polo
?      Montana
Filip Kolesnikov       Professor Khromov
Gennadiy Ussopov       Professor Molchanov
Sergei Kostusev        Professor Multanovskiy
Karl-Ulrich Lampe      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia, and Ross Sea sites. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 9212 passengers carried on 113 cruises. [Explorer was previously Society Explorer.]

Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Pascal Grinberg        Fernande (France)
Philippe Poupon        Fleur Australe (France)
?      Freya (France)
Erich Wilts    Freydis (Germany)
Yves Bouyx     Gallad II (France)
Otto Happel    Hetairos (Germany)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Jean Monzo     Le Boulard (France)
John Neal      Mahine Tiare (United States)
Gregory Landreth       Northanger (New Zealand)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Joachim Campe  St Michel (Germany)
?      Tenera Luna (Italy)
Eric Bretscher Yarra (Switzerland)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions. Party from Northanger climbed Mount Foster, Smith Island, 17 January 1996. Freydis visited islands south of New Zealand and Ross Island. Several yachts carried tourist parties or other charter groups.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. South Georgia Whaling Museum, Grytviken, open, restoration of the whalers’ church continued. The Commissioner, Richard Peter Ralph, made an inspection visit, September.

Paul Ian Rose and David Ganiford (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Martin Hutchinson Bell ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1997 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Robert Taylor (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1997 winter)
Maurice John Cole and
Stuart James Lawrence  RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Nicholas Anthony Beer  RRS James Clark Ross
‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands, open for summer; automatic seismograph station deployed on South Georgia; field hut at Orford Cliff, near ‘Base W’, removed; ‘Base Y’, Horseshoe Island reroofed and repaired. Comprehensive scientific survey of South Sandwich Islands undertaken, particularly biological and geophysical investigations, logistic assistance provided by HMS Endurance. Survey party ascended Mount Jackson, highest peak in the Antarctic Peninsula, and determined its elevation (3184 m). Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party began restoration of Port Lockroy (‘Base A’) station.

Timothy John Barton    HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands (where some of the complement of Damien II were taken aboard), South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

Bjørn Basberg
Party from Norsk Polarinstitutt continued industrial archaeology survey at South Georgia (Leith Harbour). Transport provided by the Royal Navy.

?      Akademik Ioffe
Sergey Glushkov        Akademik Shokalskiy
Capt. Kalishnikov      Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Viktor Ivanov  Akademik Shuleykin
Vyacheslav Vasyuk      Alla Tarasova
?      Bremen
Leif Skog and Uli Demel        Explorer
?      Hanseatic
Piotr Golikov  Kapitan Khlebnikov
Filip Kolesnikov       Professor Khromov
Valeriy Maksimov       Professor Molchanov
Sergei Kostusev        Professor Multanovskiy
Karl-Ulrich Lampe      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia; Kapitan Khlebnikov circumnavigated Antarctica visiting 16 stations, landed passengers on Peter I Ø Professor Khromov made two visits to Bouvetøya, February and April 1997, landing was possible only during first; Explorer circumnavigated James Ross Island through Prince Gustav Channel, February 1997. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 7322 passengers carried on 104 cruises.

Paul Goss      Adix (Spain)
Miles Quitmann Ayesha (Britain)
Gordon Schmidt C-Lise II (United States)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Bernard Espinet        Croustet (France)
Jérôme Poncet     Damien II (France)
Eef Willems    Golden Fleece (Falkland Islands)
Mladen Sutej   Hrvatska Cigra (Croatia)
Olivier Pauffin de Saint-Morel Kekilistrion (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Jean Monzo     Le Boulard (France)
Gregory Landreth       Northanger (New Zealand)
Dirk Tober     Onrust II (Australia)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Pelagic (Britain)
Richard Crowe  Polar Mist (United States)
Bubi Sanso     Rael (Spain)
Wolfgang Kloss Santa Maria (Germany)
Henk Boersma   Sarah W. Vorwerk (Germany)
Anthony Gooch  Taonui (Canada)
Hervé Le Goff   Tigre-Mou (France)
Frank Nugent   Tom Crean (Irish Republic)
Claude Veniard Vague-à-Bond (France)
Pascal Boimard Valhalla (France)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions. ‘South Arís’ expedition, from Ireland, aboard Tom Crean accompanied by Pelagic, endeavoured to repeat Sir Ernest Shackleton’s voyage from Elephant Island to South Georgia (1914-16, q.v.) but Tom Crean was swamped, a party repeated the trek across the island, February 1997; Croustet circumnavigated Antarctica from Wellington, New Zealand. Approximately 12 of these yachts carried tourists and other chartered groups.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. South Georgia Whaling Museum, Grytviken, open, restoration of the whalers’ church continued. The Commissioner, Richard Peter Ralph, made an inspection visit, April.

Martin Guy White (scientific leader)
?      Argos Galicia
Government chartered vessel, undertook a fisheries survey around South Georgia, September.

Michael J. Moore (Scientific Leader)
J. Richard Farrell     Abel-J
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted a whale survey around Shag Rocks and South Georgia, 24 January to 17 February. [Eubalaena australis (Southern Right Whale) was the most common species observed.]

Paul Ian Rose and Robert Tulk ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Leslie Peter Whittamore ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1998 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Iain J. Staniland (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1998 winter)
Stuart James Lawrence and
John Bryce Marshall    RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Michael Jeremy Stuart Burgan   RRS James Clark Ross
‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands, Fossil Bluff, and Port Lockroy stations open for summer. Rocketry programme began at ‘Rothera’, 26 were fired up to 120 km altitude for atmospheric studies. Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party continued refurbishment of Port Lockroy (‘Base A’) station.

Timothy John Barton    HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions; participated in a hydrographic survey of the Weddell Sea during which ‘Neumayer’ station was visited. A Royal Marine detachment, led by Ian McGill, retraced Sir Ernest Shackleton’s trek from King Haakon Bay to Stromness Bay, across South Georgia, 18 to 19 December 1997 (‘Patrol Orbat’).

Robert Wallace Abel-J
Nikolay Apekhtin       Akademik Ioffe
Sergey Glushkov        Akademik Shokalskiy
Viktor Ivanov  Akademik Shuleykin
Capt. Kalishnikov      Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Vyacheslav Vasyuk      Alla Tarasova
Rüdiger Hannemann and Thilo Koch  Bremen
Arne Dethlevs  Disko
Leif Skog and Uli Demel        Explorer
Heinz Aye      Hanseatic
Viktor Vasilyev        Kapitan Khlebnikov
Eric Bjurstedt Marco Polo
Gennadiy Ussopov       Professor Molchanov
Andrey Gostnikov       Professor Multanovskiy
Raimund Krüger    Vistamar
Karl-Ulrich Lampe      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. Kapitan Khlebnikov also visited Heard Island. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 9604 passengers carried on 92 cruises.

Timothy Hugh-Trafford  Ardevora of Roseland (Britain)
Bertrand Dubois        Baltazar (France)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Hugues Delignières      Deneb of Ryde (Britain)
Gloudio Cosolari       Don Vito (Argentina)
Pascal Grinberg        Fernande (France)
Philippe Poupon        Fleur Australe (France)
Erich Wilts    Freydis (Germany)
Jérôme Poncet     Golden Fleece (Falkland Islands)
Hugues Delignières      If (France)
Allan Jouning  Itasca (Cayman Islands)
Olivier Pauffin de Saint-Morel Kekilistrion (France)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Jean Monzo     Le Boulard (France)
Harald Voss    Moritz D (Germany)
Keith Post     Najat (Australia)
Dick van Andel Oosterschelde (Netherlands)
Roger Wallis   Parmelia (Australia)
James V. [Skip] Novak and Hamish Laird Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Patrick Tabarly        Pen Duick III (France)
Erich Barde    Philos (Switzerland)
Wolfgang Kloss Santa Maria (Germany)
Henk Boersma   Sarah W. Vorwerk (Germany)
Julio Verstaeten       Sposmoker II (Netherlands)
Hervé Le Goff   Tigre-Mou (France)
Pascal Boimard Valhalla (France)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions. Approximately 12 of these yachts carried tourists, mountaineers, and other chartered groups. [Delignières was employed as master for separate cruises.]

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. South Georgia Museum, Grytviken, open; restoration of the whalers’ church continued.

Boetie Kuttel  Sudur Havid
Vessel, with a full catch, bunkered off South Georgia and was overwhelmed by an exceptional wave and foundered, 6 June, to the west of the island; 17 of complement of 38 died; survivors brought to King Edward Point aboard Isla Camila (Chile) and thence to Falkland Islands aboard RFA Gray Rover.

Paul Ian Rose and Margaret M. Annat ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Leslie Peter Whittamore and Simon Neil Gill Victoria J. Auld ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 1999 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Leslie Peter Whittamore (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 1999 winter)
Stuart James Lawrence and
John Bryce Marshall    RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Michael Jeremy Stuart Burgan   RRS James Clark Ross
‘Fossil Bluff’ and ‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands, open for summer. Bransfield also visited ‘Neumayer’ station. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party.

Timothy John Barton    HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions. Antarctic Treaty inspection conducted jointly with German representatives; 11 winter and 6 summer stations, and 2 ships visited.

Terise Venter (Marion Island [56], from August 1998)
Anke Kotze (Gough Island [44], from September 1998)
Duncan Cromarty (‘SANAE IV’ [38], Vesleskarvet, from January 1999)
(Leaders for summer and 1999 winter)
William McDonald Leith S.A. Agulhas
Ernst Hendrik Lochner  SAS Outeniqua
‘Sarie Marais’ station and ‘E Base’ (near ‘SANAE III’) open for summer, latter partly dismantled and removed. Outeniqua visited South Sandwich Islands to service the 2 automatic weather stations, continued to transport the Nordic Antarctic Research Programme and a Greenland party intending an inland traverse with motor vehicles.

Nikolay Apekhtin       Akademik Ioffe
Capt. Kalishnikov      Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Nikolay Vinogradov     Akademik Shokalskiy
Viktor Ivanov  Akademik Shuleykin
Thilo Koch     Bremen
Leif Skog      Caledonian Star
Torsten Olbrich        Clipper Adventurer
Frantz Jensen  Disko
Uli Demel      Explorer
Heinz Aye      Hanseatic
Piotr Golikov  Kapitan Khlebnikov
Eric Bjurstedt Marco Polo
Gennadiy Ussopov       Professor Molchanov
Aleksey Zakalashnyuk   Professor Multanovskiy
Karl-Ulrich Lampe      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. Kapitan Khlebnikov and Marco Polo continued to the Ross Sea regions. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 10 026 passengers carried on 92 cruises.

James Cornell  Aventura III (Britain)
Bertrand Dubois        Baltazar (France)
Jarle Andhoey  Berserk (Norway)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Terry Travers  Excess (Australia)
Pascal Grinberg        Fernande (France)
Eric Forsyth   Fiona (United States)
Christopher Harding    Futuro (Germany)
Jérôme Poncet     Golden Fleece (Falkland Islands)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Jean Monzo     Le Boulard (France)
Eef Willems    Meander (Netherlands)
James V. [Skip] Novak  Meritsh Louise (British Virgin Islands)
Dick van Andel Oosterschelde (Netherlands)
Amyr Khan Klink        Parati (Brasil)
Hamish Laird   Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Erich Barde    Philos (Switzerland)
Vincent Malquit        Regain (France, Nouvelle Caledonia)
Lou Morgan     Risque (United States)
Wolfgang Kloss Santa Maria (Germany)
Henk Boersma   Sarah W. Vorwerk (Germany)
Henk Haazen    Tiama (Netherlands)
Trygve Aanjesen        Taja (Norway)
Anthony Gooch  Toanui (Canada)
Volker Reinecke        Vegewind (Germany)
Claude Plee    Viens-tu (France)
Claude Appaldo Voyou (Austria)
Thies Matzen   Wanderer III (Germany)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions. Twelve of these vessels carried tourist groups, Tiama transported 6 mountaineers. Parati was circumnavigating Antarctica.

Harald Voss    Moritz D (Germany)
Wintered twice at South Georgia.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. The Commissioner, Richard Peter Ralph, made an inspection visit, January.

Paul Ian Rose and Keiron P. P. Fraser ■ (‘Rothera’, Adelaide Island)
Steven Marshall and Simon Prasad ■ (‘Halley’, Brunt Ice Shelf)
(Commanders for summer and 2000 winter ■;
appointed Magistrates by British Antarctic Territory Government)
Margaret M. Annat (Bird Island, South Georgia; Officer-in-charge for 2000 winter)
Stuart James Lawrence and
John Bryce Marshall    RRS Bransfield
Christopher Robert Elliott and
Michael Jeremy Stuart Burgan   RRS James Clark Ross
‘Fossil Bluff’ and ‘Signy Island’, South Orkney Islands, open for summer. Bransfield also visited ‘Neumayer’ station. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party.

Andrew Dickson HMS Endurance
Visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

?      Aegean I
Igor Vtorov    Akademik Boris Petrov
Nikolay Apekhtin       Akademik Ioffe
Capt. Kalishnikov      Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Nikolay Vinogradov     Akademik Shokalskiy
Viktor Ivanov  Akademik Shuleykin
Thilo Koch     Bremen
Leif Skog      Caledonian Star
Torsten Olbrich        Clipper Adventurer
Uli Demel and Peter Skog       Explorer
Jonas Ramanouskas      Grigory Mikeev
Heinz Aye      Hanseatic
Viktor Vasilyev        Kapitan Khlebnikov
Aleksandr Babenkov     Lyubov Orlova
Eric Bjurstedt Marco Polo
?      Ocean Explorer
Gennadiy Ussopov       Professor Molchanov
Aleksey Zakalashnyuk   Professor Multanovskiy
J. W. Dijk     Rotterdam VI
Karl-Ulrich Lampe      World Discoverer
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. Kapitan Khlebnikov and Akademik Sergey Vavilov continued to the Ross Sea regions. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 14 297 passengers carried on 130 cruises (936 of whom, aboard Rotterdam IV did not land).

R. Wakeford    Alderman (Britain)
L. Didier      Arka (France)
Bertrand Dubois        Baltazar (France)
Michel Hennebert       Callibistris (France)
Alex Foucard   Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Arved Fuchs    Dagmar Aaen (Germany)
J. Corbett     Express Crusader (Britain)
Philippe Poupon        Fleur Australe (France)
Jérôme Poncet     Golden Fleece (Falkland Islands)
Arved Fuchs    James Caird II (Germany)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Christian Galard       L’Aventure (France)
Eef Willems    Meander (Netherlands)
Alain Kalita   Naïla (France)
Dick van Andel Oosterschelde (Netherlands)
Hamish Laird   Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Erich Barde    Philos (Switzerland)
Ken Passfield  Porvenir (Falkland Islands)
Henk Boersma   Sarah W. Vorwerk (Germany)
Marc Joel      Savannah (France)
Richard Howarth        Shantooti (Britain)
L. Tyler       The Dove (Britain)
Roger Wallis   Tooluka (Australia)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions. Fourteen of these vessels carried tourist groups, including mountaineers. Dagmar Aaen escorted James Caird II from Elephant Island after latter was dropped at Hope Bay from Bremen to re-enact the 1916 James Caird voyage for a television programme; Tooluka carried a mountaineering group who were active on South Georgia.

the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. The Commissioner, Donald Alexander Lamont, made an inspection visit, January.

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), and Bird Island (South Georgia). On 21 March 2001 the station at King Edward Point (South Georgia) was transferred from the British Army to the Survey and re-established as a winter scientific station. ‘Fossil Bluff’ and ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Bransfield and RRS James Clark Ross.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

Capt. Poskoniy Akademik Ioffe
?      Akademik Sergey Vavilov
Heinz Aye      Bremen
Leif Skog and Karl-Ulrich Lampe        Caledonian Star
Aleksandr Golubev and Olaf Hartmann    Clipper Adventurer
Uli Demel and Peter Skog       Explorer
Jonas Ramanouskas      Grigory Mikeev
Thilo Natke and Matthias Bosse Hanseatic
Ivan Karavka and Oleg Agafonov Kapitan Dranitsyn
Viktor Vasilyev        Kapitan Khlebnikov
Aleksandr Babenkov     Lyubov Orlova
Roland Andersson       Marco Polo
Sergei Sviridov        Mariya Yermalova
Yevgeniy Baturkin      Professor Molchanov
Sergei Kostusev        Professor Multanovskiy
Visited Falkland Islands, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia. Kapitan Khlebnikov and Akademik Sergey Vavilov visited the Ross Sea regions; former reached 78∙63°S in Bay of Whales. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported 12 248 passengers carried on 131 cruises. [Tourist data are summarized henceforth from information provided by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators.]

Brian Elliott  Althea (New Zealand)
Eric Dupuis    Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Robert Vos and Klaas Gaastra   Europa (Germany)
Steven Kafka   Evohe (New Zealand)
Pascal Grinberg        Fernande (France)
Jérôme Poncet and Dion Michael Poncet     Golden Fleece (Falkland Islands)
Peter Nell     Ice Maiden (Britain)
Oleg Bely      Kotic II (Brasil)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Erling Baera   Morild (Norway)
Richard Manning        M’our Bruin (Britain)
Maurice Cloughley      Nanook (Canada)
Carsten Steinbach      Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Erich Barde    Philos (Switzerland)
Henk Boersma   Sarah W. Vorwerk (Germany)
Marc Joel      Savannah (France)
Peter Blake    Seamaster (Britain)
Jürgen Scheld     Spirit of Assy (Germany)
Roger Wallis   Tooluka (Australia)
Mark Hopking and Andrew Dare   2041 (Britain)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions; Ice Maiden and Nanook visited South Georgia only. Eleven of these vessels carried tourist groups, including mountaineers, kayakers, divers, ciné and still photographers, and others.

Mark Carpenter Joshua (Canada)
Wintered at South Georgia.

until 21 March the station at King Edward Point remained occupied by a British garrison, relieved by British naval vessels; aircraft reconnaissance of the island and South Sandwich Islands made periodically; meteorological observations continued. The Commanding Officers of the garrison were appointed Magistrate by South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. A building programme began and the station was transferred to the British Antarctic Survey to resume scientific research, 22 March (1982, q.v.). The Commissioner, Donald Alexander Lamont, made an inspection visit, at the time of the transfer. South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government civilian staff also remained at King Edward Point.

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), and Bird Island (South Georgia). ‘Fossil Bluff’ and ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Bransfield and RRS James Clark Ross.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

Celia Bull     Ada II (Britain)
Richard Crowe  Alaska Eagle (United States)
Eric Dupuis    Croix Saint-Paul II (France)
Brian Harrison Dione Star (Cayman Islands)
Pascal Grinberg        Fernande (France)
David Dupuis   Gambo (Canada)
Jérôme Poncet and Dion Michael Poncet     Golden Fleece (Falkland Islands)
Aad Tweit      Helena Cristina (Netherlands)
Rémy Poirier    Hinayana (France)
Juan Ribas     Koan Arukanu (New Zealand)
Alain Caradec  Kotick (France)
Hugues Delignières      Le Sourire (France)
Philippe Dupond        L’Ile Nue (France)
Amyr Khan Klink        Parati (Brasil)
Carsten Steinbach      Pelagic (British Virgin Islands)
Erich Barde    Philos (Switzerland)
Wolfgang Kloss Santa Maria (Germany)
Henk Boersma   Sarah W. Vorwerk (Netherlands)
Andrew Dare    2041 (Cayman Islands)
Visited Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, and adjacent regions; Most of these vessels carried tourist groups, including mountaineers, kayakers, divers, ciné and still photographers, and others.

the station at King Edward Point, was administered by a Magistrate appointed by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Facilities were in common with the British Antarctic Survey scientific station. The South Georgia Museum, Grytviken, open.

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), King Edward Point and Bird Island (South Georgia); ‘Fossil Bluff’ (Alexander Island) and ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Sir Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross. Scientist drowned by a Leopard Seal at ‘Rothera’, 22 July 2003.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

the station at King Edward Point, was administered by a Magistrate appointed by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Facilities were in common with the British Antarctic Survey scientific station. The South Georgia Museum, Grytviken, open. Extensive programme of decontamination of the whaling station began.

José Carlos Tamayo
Private expedition ascended Mount Paget, South Georgia, November.

severe weather caused 3 fishing vessels to run aground in Cumberland Bay: Lyn (Falkland Islands), Moresko I (Korea [Seoul]), and Viking Bay (Spain), 30 April; attempts to tow them off were made but only the last was rescued, the others were wrecked. Complements later relieved by 101 In Sung (Korea [Seoul]) and Sigma (Falkland Islands). The tug Typhoon arrived to assist with salvage, May.

eruption of steam and lava observed from Mount Belinda, Montagu Island, December. [Mount Belinda (1375 m) is the highest peak in the group, the volcanic activity persisted for several years.]

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), King Edward Point and Bird Island (South Georgia); ‘Fossil Bluff’ (Alexander Island) and ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Sir Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

the station at King Edward Point, was administered by a Magistrate appointed by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Facilities were in common with the British Antarctic Survey scientific station. The South Georgia Museum, Grytviken, open. Programme of decontamination of the whaling station continued.

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), King Edward Point and Bird Island (South Georgia); ‘Fossil Bluff’ (Alexander Island) and ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Sir Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions. Antarctic Treaty inspection of 14 occupied, 5 unoccupied, and 1 station under construction, 5 historic sites, and 1 tourist vessel conducted jointly with Australia and Perú.

the station at King Edward Point, was administered by a Magistrate appointed by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Facilities were in common with the British Antarctic Survey scientific station. The South Georgia Museum open. Decontamination of Grytviken whaling station continued.

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), King Edward Point and Bird Island (South Georgia); ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Sir Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

the station at King Edward Point, was administered by a Magistrate appointed by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Facilities were in common with the British Antarctic Survey scientific station. The South Georgia Museum open. Decontamination of Grytviken whaling station continued and remains of factory machinery exposed.

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), King Edward Point and Bird Island (South Georgia); ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Sir Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions. The British Princess Royal, Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise, accompanied the voyage to the Antarctic Peninsula.

in this year 44 scientific stations were open in Antarctic regions: 17 on the peri-Antarctic islands and 27 on Antarctica. These were operated by 20 countries (one jointly) and participated in the programmes of the International Polar Years (2007-09, q.v.) which began on 1 March. They were: Argentina: ‘Esperanza’ (Hope Bay, 63∙36°S, 56∙99°W), ‘Belgrano II’ (Coats Land, 77∙87°S, 34∙63°W), ‘San Martín’ (Barry Island, 68∙13°S, 67∙10°W), ‘Orcadas’ (Laurie Island, 60∙74°S, 44∙73°W), ‘Jubany’ (King George Island, 62∙23°S, 58∙67°W), ‘Marambio’ (Seymour Island, 64∙24°S, 56∙66°W); Australia: Macquarie Island (54∙50°S, 158∙95°E), ‘Casey’ (Vincennes Bay, 66∙28°S, 110∙52°E), ‘Davis’ (Ingrid Christensen Coast, 68∙57°S, 77∙97°E), ‘Mawson’ (Mac. Robertson Land, 67∙60°S, 62∙87°E); Brasil: ‘Comandante Ferraz’ (King George Island, 62∙08°S, 58∙39°W); Britain: Bird Island (South Georgia, 54∙00°S, 38∙05°W), King Edward Point (South Georgia, 54∙28°S, 36∙50°W), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf, 75∙58°S, 26∙54°W), ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island, 67∙57°S, 68∙12°W); Chile: ‘General Bernardo O’Higgins Riquelme’ (Cape Legoupil, 63∙32°S, 57∙90°W), ‘Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva’ (King George Island, 62∙21°S, 58∙97°W): China (People’s Republic): ‘Chang Cheng’ [‘Great Wall’] (King George Island, 62∙21°S, 58∙96°W), ‘Zhongshan’ [‘Sun Yat-sen’] (Larsemann Hills, 69∙37°S, 76∙37°E); France: Port-aux-Français (Iles Kerguelen, 49∙35°S, 70∙20°E), ‘Alfred-Faure’ (Iles Crozet, 46∙43°S, 51∙87°E), ‘Dumont d’Urville’ (Terre Adélie, 66∙67°S, 140∙01°E), ‘Martin-de-Viviès’ (Ile Amsterdam, 37∙83°S, 77∙59°E); France and Italy: ‘Concordia’ (Dome Circe’, 74∙67°S, 124∙17°W); Germany: ‘Neumayer’ (Ekströmisen, 70∙65°S, 08∙25°W); India: ‘Maitri’ (Shirmacheroasen, 70∙77°S, 11∙73°E); Japan: ‘Syowa’ (Ongul, 69∙00°S, 39∙58°E); Korea (Seoul): ‘King Sejong’ (King George Island, 62∙22°S, 58∙79°W); New Zealand: ‘Scott Base’ (Ross Island, 77∙85°S, 166∙76°E); Norway: ‘Troll’ (Jutulsessen, 72∙00°S, 02∙53°W ); Poland: ‘Henryk Arctowski’ (King George Island, 62∙17°S, 58∙47°W); Russia: ‘Bellingsgausen’ (King George Island, 62∙20°S, 58∙97°W), ‘Mirnyy’ (Queen Mary Land, 66∙55°S, 93∙01°E), ‘Progress II’ (Larsemann Hills, 69∙38°S, 76∙39°E), ‘Novolazarevskaya’ (Shirmacheroasen, 70∙77°S, 11∙87°E), ‘Vostok’ (South Geomagnetic Pole, 78∙47°S, 106∙80°E); South Africa: Gough Island (40∙36°S, 09∙87°W), Marion Island (46∙87°S, 37∙86°E), ‘SANAE IV’ (Vesleskarvet, 71∙68°S, 02∙83°W); Ukraine: ‘Akademician Vernadskiy’ (Argentine Islands, 65∙25°S, 64∙26°W); United States: ‘Amundsen-Scott’ (South Pole, 90°S), ‘McMurdo’ (Ross Island, 77∙85°S, 166∙67°E), ‘Palmer’ (Anvers Island, 64∙77°S, 64∙05°W); Uruguay: ‘General José Artigas’ (King George Island, 62∙18°S, 58∙90°W).

the station at King Edward Point, was administered by a Magistrate appointed by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Facilities were in common with the British Antarctic Survey scientific station. The South Georgia Museum open. Gull Lake drained, dam refurbished, and reinstallation of a hydro-electric station began at Grytviken.

the following stations were open for winter: ‘Rothera’ (Adelaide Island), ‘Halley’ (Brunt Ice Shelf), King Edward Point and Bird Island (South Georgia); ‘Signy Island’ (South Orkney Islands) open for summer. ‘Base A’, Port Lockroy, also open for summer with an Antarctic Heritage Trust (U.K.) party. Sea transport provided by RRS Sir Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross.

HMS Endurance visited South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula regions.

the following stations were open for winter: Marion Island [65], Gough Island [53], and ‘SANAE IV’ [47] (Vesleskarvet). ‘E Base’ open for summer. Sea transport provided by S.A. Agulhas which also visited, Thule Island, South Sandwich Islands to re-establish the automatic weather station.

the station at King Edward Point, was administered by a Magistrate appointed by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government. Facilities were in common with the British Antarctic Survey scientific station. The South Georgia Museum open. Reinstallation of a hydro-electric station at Grytviken continued.